Theoretically, the helical edge states of two-dimensional topological insulators are protected from coherent backscattering due to nonmagnetic disorder provided electron interactions not too strong. Experimentally, edges typically do demonstrate systematic and robust quantization, at same time little is known about sub-Kelvin temperature behavior. Here, we report surprising localization in an 8...

The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in this study are those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or the countries it represents. The Asian Development Bank encourages use of the material presented herein, with appropriate credit. Foreword ADB and Pakistan have been development partners for almost 35 years. The first lo...