In plunging jet flows and at hydraulic jumps, large quantities of air are entrained at the intersection of the impinging flow and the receiving body of water. The air bubbles are entrained into a turbulent shear layer and strong interactions take place between the air bubble advection/diffusion process and the momentum shear region. New air-water flow experiments were conducted with two free sh...

Simulations of the flow of concentrated aggregated colloidal systems, at the particulate level, are used to investigate the distribution of stresses in the shear-thinning regime. It is found that the distribution of shear stress carried by interparticle bonds decays approximately exponentially at large stresses, but with a double-exponential distribution for values of positive stress. The micro...

BACKGROUND Quantifying passive stretching responses of individual muscles helps the diagnosis of muscle disorders and aids the evaluation of surgical/rehabilitation treatments. Utilizing an animal model, we demonstrated that shear elastic modulus measured by supersonic shear wave elastography increases linearly with passive muscle force. This study aimed to use this state-of-the-art technology ...

A simple analytical argument is given to show that the distribution function of the pressure and that of its gradient have exponential tails when the velocity is Gaussian. A calculation of moments implies a negative skewness for the pressure. Explicit analytical results are given for the case of the velocity being restricted to a shell in wave number. Numerical pressure distributions are presen...

We study the rheology of suspensions of ice crystals at moderate to high volume fractions in a sucrose solution in which they are partially soluble, a model system for a wide class of crystal mushes or slurries. Under step changes in shear rate, the viscosity changes to a relaxed value over several minutes, in a manner well fitted by a single exponential. The behavior of the relaxed viscosity i...

Field observations of major earthquake fault zones show that shear deformation is often confined to principal slipping zones that may be of order 1–100 μmwide, located within a broader gouge layer of order 10–100 mm wide. This paper examines the possibility that the extreme strain localization observed may be due to the coupling of shear heating, thermal pressurization, and diffusion. In the ab...

The mouse ischemic hindlimb model is used widely for studying collateral artery growth (i.e., arteriogenesis) in response to increased shear stress. Nonetheless, precise measurements of regional shear stress changes along individual collateral arteries are lacking. Our goal is to develop and verify trans-illumination laser speckle flowmetry (LSF) for this purpose. Studies of defibrinated bovine...

L-selectin-mediated tethers result in leukocyte rolling only above a threshold in shear. Here we present biophysical modeling based on recently published data from flow chamber experiments, which supports the interpretation that L-selectin-mediated tethers below the shear threshold correspond to single L-selectin carbohydrate bonds dissociating on the time scale of milliseconds, whereas L-selec...

Comprehensive measurements of bedload sediment transport through a section of the Danube River, located approximately 70km downstream from Bratislava, Slovakia, are used to assess the accuracy of bedload formulae implemented in 1D modelling. Depending on water discharge and water level, significant variations in the distribution of bedload across the section were observed. It appeared that, wha...