The increasing ability to interconnect computers through internetworking, wireless networks, high-bandwidth satellite, and cable networks has spawned a new class of information-centered applications based on data dissemination. These applications, which often serve huge client populations, employ broadcast to efficiently deliver data to the clients. In data dissemination, the data transfer is i...

R esearchers have applied various caching techniques to decrease the network loads and response times caused by the phenomenal growth of the World Wide Web. These strategies include the use of callback, prefetching, and validation.1 However, callback mechanisms, which were developed for dedicated distributed systems, are not appropriate for Web objects, which may be cached in many proxies. Pref...

For many years European governments have sought to ensure a high degree of competition in off-patent pharmaceutical markets in order to generate price competition and consequently benefits such as improved patient access or savings for payers after patent expiry. The pharmaceutical industry believes that access to valuable new treatments and post-exclusivity competition are essential for the su...

OBJECTIVE To identify the information that adult consumers use on food labels, the difficulties they experience when using food labels and their reasons for not always using food labels. The relationship between their understanding of the information on the food label and their ability to make informed food choices was also investigated by means of their being required to perform labelling task...

One of the classic problems of mathematical finance is the pricing of American options and the behavior of the optimal exercise boundary close to expiry. For the uninitiated, financial derivatives are securities whose value is based on the value of some other underlying security, and options are an example of derivatives, carrying the right but not the obligation to enter into a specified trans...

We examine the small expiry behaviour of the price of call options in models of exponential Lévy type. In most cases of interest, it turns out that E ( (Sτ −K) ) − (S0 −K) ∼ { τ ∫ R (S0e x −K)+ ν(dx), S0 < K, τ ∫ R (K − S0e) ν(dx), S0 > K, as τ → 0+, i.e. as time to expiry goes to zero. (We have written ν for the Lévy measure of the driving Lévy noise.) In “complete generality”, however, we can...

Food waste is a pressing problem in Western countries. Increased food production directly affects environmental changes and pollution, including greenhouse gas emissions contamination with packaging. In Poland, 9.2 million tons of lost annually, 53% which produced by consumers. To minimize consumers, it necessary to understand the factors affecting behaviors associated wasting. This work focuse...