The purpose of our study was to compare inspiratory- and expiratory-related changes in retropalatal cross-sectional area (CSA) during wakefulness to those during non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep. We studied 18 subjects in whom the severity of sleep-disordered breathing varied. Relative changes in CSA were visualized by using fiber-optic endoscopy. For each breath analyzed (wakefulness n = 4-...

The aim of this paper is to examine the causes food waste and potential prevention strategies from a grocery retail store owner’s perspective. We therefore conducted case study in German region through semi-structured expert interviews with owners. From collected responses, we applied qualitative content analysis. results indicated that owners try avoid as incurs financial loss for them directl...

BACKGROUND Respiratory swallowing coordination is regarded as one of the several mechanisms by which the airway is protected from aspiration during swallowing. A lack of reciprocity between respiration and swallowing has been indicated as one of the mechanisms that can lead to aspiration and pneumonia. Since chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a pulmonary condition, we have hypothes...

The aim of this study was to determine whether spontaneous respiration influences pulmonary artery input impedance, a question that has received little attention in the literature. Impedance values were assessed during three different phases of the respiratory cycle, namely inspiration, expiration and postexpiration (i.e. the null respiratory flow period between expiration and the next inspirat...

Breathing in mammals is hypothesized to result from the interaction of two distinct oscillators: the preBötzinger Complex (preBötC) driving inspiration and the lateral parafacial region (pFL) driving active expiration. To understand the interactions between these oscillators, we independently altered their excitability in spontaneously breathing vagotomized urethane-anesthetized adult rats. Hyp...

Classic IP traffic engineering considers a fixed IP layer topology. In this draft, we address the limitations imposed by such static network topology. This work is motivated by introducing dynamically provisioned links to improve static IP traffic engineering constraints, and leverage the freedom of provisioning links on demand. This draft introduces the concept of a closed-loop link provisioni...