The air quality in air-conditioned mass transport buses may affect bus drivers' health. In-bus air quality improvement with the voluntary participation of bus drivers by opening the exhaust ventilation fans in the bus was implemented in the Seventh Bus Zone of Bangkok Mass Transit Authority. Four bus numbers, including bus numbers 16, 63, 67 and 166, were randomly selected to investigate microb...

OBJECTIVES Diesel exhaust is a common air pollutant made up of several gases, hydrocarbons, and particles. An experimental study was carried out which was designed to evaluate if a particle trap on the tail pipe of an idling diesel engine would reduce effects on symptoms and lung function caused by the diesel exhaust, compared with exposure to unfiltered exhaust. METHODS Twelve healthy non-sm...

Metal-containing fuel additives catalyzing soot combustion in diesel particle filters are used in a widespread manner, and with the growing popularity of diesel vehicles, their application is expected to increase in the near future. Detailed investigation into how such additives affect exhaust toxicity is therefore necessary and has to be performed before epidemiological evidence points towards...

BACKGROUND Diesel exhaust exposure may cause acute irritant-induced asthma and potentiate allergen-induced asthma. There are no previous reports of occupational asthma due to diesel exhaust. AIMS To describe occupational asthma with latency in workers exposed to diesel exhaust in bus garages. METHODS The Shield database of occupational asthma notifications in the West Midlands, UK, was sear...

Traffic-related sources have been recognized as a significant contributor of particulate matter particularly within major cities. Exhaust and non-exhaust traffic-related sources are estimated to contribute almost equally to traffic-related PM10 emissions. Non-exhaust particles can be generated either from non-exhaust sources such as brake, tyre, clutch and road surface wear or already exist in ...

Motor vehicles are major sources of gas-phase organic carbon, which includes volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other compounds with lower vapor pressures. These emissions react in the atmosphere, leading to the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). With more chemical detail than previous studies, we report emission factors for over 230 compounds from gasoline and diesel ve...

While EER (Exhaust Energy Recovery) has been widely pursued for improving the total efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions of internal combustion engines, the maximum regenerated power from the exhaust energy has been proposed and calculated in terms of endoreversible cycle. In this paper, based on the experimental data of an EER system installed on a light duty gasoline engine, the exhaust ener...

In this paper we will determine the multiple point manifolds of certain self-transverse immersions in Euclidean spaces. Following the triple points, these immersions have a double point self-intersection set which is the image of an immersion of a smooth 5-dimensional manifold, cobordant to Dold manifold $V^5$ or a boundary. We will show there is an immersion of $S^7times P^2$ in $mathbb{R}^{1...

we obtain the expression of ricci tensor for a $gcr$-lightlikesubmanifold of indefinite complex space form and discuss itsproperties on a totally geodesic $gcr$-lightlike submanifold of anindefinite complex space form. moreover, we have proved that everyproper totally umbilical $gcr$-lightlike submanifold of anindefinite kaehler manifold is a totally geodesic $gcr$-lightlikesubmanifold.

The hot gases produced by the internal combustion engines passes through the exhaust valve and causes high temperatures in the exhaust valve and its seat. To avoid damaging the exhaust valve, heat must be transferred from the valve to its seat during the contact they make at the opening and closing cycle. Heat transfer rate from the exhaust valve to its seat is a function of many factors. One o...