Pupillary measures have been linked to arousal and attention as well as activity in the brainstem's locus coeruleus norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. Similarly, there is evidence that evoked EEG responses, such as the P3, might have LC-NE activity as their basis. Since it is not feasible to record electrophysiological data directly from the LC in humans due to its location in the brainstem, an ope...

Introduction: Vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) has recently been broadly studied in vestibular disorders. As it is evoked by loud sound stimulation, even mild conductive hearing loss may affect VEMP results. Bone-conducted (BC) stimulus is an alternative stimulation for evoking this response. This study aims to assess the characteristics of BC-VEMP in different groups of patients.   ...

introduction: vestibular evoked myogenic potential (vemp) has recently been broadly studied in vestibular disorders. as it is evoked by loud sound stimulation, even mild conductive hearing loss may affect vemp results. bone-conducted (bc) stimulus is an alternative stimulation for evoking this response. this study aims to assess the characteristics of bc-vemp in different groups of patients.   ...

Information about the shape and temporal duration of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) response can inform both functional neuroanatomy and psychological theory. However, the BOLD response evolves over 20 s or more, making it difficult to distinguish the unique characteristics of the response evoked by temporally adjacent stimuli. Fortunately, event-related BOLD signals can be extrac...

Cortical neurons recorded in vivo exhibit highly variable responses to the repeated presentation of the same stimulus. To further understand the cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we performed intracellular recordings from neurons in cat striate cortex in vivo and examined the relationships between spontaneous activity and visually evoked responses. Activity was assessed on a trial...

Cortical sensory neurons are known to be highly variable, in the sense that responses evoked by identical stimuli often change dramatically from trial to trial. The origin of this variability is uncertain, but it is usually interpreted as detrimental noise that reduces the computational accuracy of neural circuits. Here we investigate the possibility that such response variability might in fact...

Many attempts have been made to relate individual differences in the background electroencephalogram (EEG) to various psychiatric conditions (Glaser, 1963; Hill, 1963; Wilson, 1965) and equivalent investigations have recently been carried out with the averaged evoked response waveform (Shagass and Schwartz, 1961, 1962, 1963, and 1965; Jones et al, 1965; Callaway, Jones, and Donchin, 1970) and t...