the aim of this study is comparison of soil characteristics and biodiversity in plantation of bald cypress and caucasian alder forest stands in kludeh region (mazandaran province). in order to study biodiversity in forest stands and control region, 10 sample plots (releve) were selected and the name and abundance of plant species of the forest floor were recorded. biodiversity of herbal plants ...

Methods are described by which DNA can be amplified directly from ectomycorrhizal root tip homogenates of a variety of plant species (Picea mariana (black spruce), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), Populus tremuloides (trembling aspen) and Alnus sp.(alder)), including root tips that have been preserved in RNA Later (Ambion, Austin, TX). In most cases for extracts and homogenates diluted 10-fold ...

A fascinating aspect of the Diels–Alder reaction is its endo selectivity. This endo preference is much less pronounced in intermolecular cases compared with the intramolecular and transannular Diels–Alder (IMDA and TADA) reactions. Nevertheless, high endo selectivity is observed in the Diels– Alder additions of (E)-1-O-substituted dienes catalyzed by Lewis acids that lead to cis-1,6-disubstitut...

Consultant Gynaecologist, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool and Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK Specialist Registrar, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Liverpool Women’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK Biomedical Scientist, Department of Biochemistry, Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, UK Consultant Gynaecologist, Department of Gynaecolo...

Assessing the process that gives rise to hybrid pathogens is central to understanding the evolution of emerging plant diseases. Phytophthora ×alni, a pathogen of alder, results from the homoploid hybridization of two related species, Phytophthora uniformis and Phytophthora ×multiformis Describing the genetic characteristics of P ×alni should help us understand how reproductive mechanisms and hi...

Attachment of conidia on leaves is a critical first step in the life cycle of aquatic hyphomycetes in streams. In a first series of microcosm experiments, attachment success of three common aquatic hyphomycete species differing in conidial shape (compact, filiform and tetraradiate) was determined on two leaf species, black alder and downy oak. Fungal species identity and leaf surface structure ...

Background & Aims: Aflatoxins are a group of toxic compounds found in most plant products such as pistachio, corn, spices, wheat, and rice. This study was carried out to detect the presence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in samples of spices collected from Qaemshahr in Mazandaran province, Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on the presence of AFB1 in 18 samples of spices including chilli (...

This paper compares the performance of Black-Scholes with an artificial neural network (ANN) in pricing European style call options on the FTSE 100 index. It is the first extensive study of the performance of ANNs in pricing UK options, and the first to allow for dividends in the closed-form model. For out-of themoney options, the ANN is clearly superior to Black-Scholes. For in-the-money optio...

Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and oak (Quercus robur) are dominant tree species in European Atlantic mixed forests, their leaf litter is a key resource for stream ecosystems. While alder has higher nutrient content palatability than other rapidly processed the by detritivores microorganisms, tougher less nutritious but more persistent resource. Given that both declining due to spread of fungal pathog...