The widespread practice of quoting option prices in terms of their Black-Scholes implied volatilities (IVs) in no way implies that market participants believe underlying returns to be lognormal. On the contrary, the variation of IVs across option strike and term to maturity, which is widely referred to as the volatility surface, can be substantial. In this brief review, we highlight some empiri...

Abstract This research seeks to determine whether the cross-country differences in return and volatility metrics various country equity indices can be explained by economic development. We base study on MSCI IMI net income two samples: a 51-country sample from period 31 May 2002 28 February 2022, 75-country 30 November 2010 2022. In this study, countries are grouped into four categories: fronti...

A novel, general two-sample hypothesis testing procedure is established for the equality of tail copulas associated with bivariate data. More precisely, using an ingenious transformation a natural copula process, test process constructed, which shown to converge in distribution standard Wiener process. Hence, from this myriad asymptotically distribution-free tests can be obtained. The good fini...

While making location decisions, the distribution of distances (outcomes) among the service recipients (clients) is an important issue. In order to comply with the minimization of distances as well as with an equal consideration of the clients, mean-equity approaches are commonly used. They quantify the problem in a lucid form of two criteria: the mean outcome representing the overall efficienc...

This research examined the time series characteristics of stock price indices for Hong Kong, Tokyo, New York (NYSE) and London (FTSE) equity markets or stock exchanges during the period of 1991 to 2012. Specifically, we calculate the rate of return and the volatility of return for all the markets and estimate the serial correlation and co-movement of the four markets. We find that the average r...

Objective. To assess the change in five health equity dimensions for the Colombian health system: health condition, social health insurance coverage, health services utilization, quality, and health expenditure. Methods. A common standardization methodology was used to assess equity in countries in the western hemisphere. Data come from the Colombian Life Quality Survey. After indirect standard...

OBJECTIVE To assess the change in five health equity dimensions for the Colombian health system: health condition, social health insurance coverage, health services utilization, quality, and health expenditure. METHODS A common standardization methodology was used to assess equity in countries in the western hemisphere. Data come from the Colombian Life Quality Survey. After indirect standard...