We have examined the physiological properties of transmission at newly formed synapses between sympathetic preganglionic neurons and sympathetic ganglion neurons in vitro. Chick neurons were labeled with fluorescent carbocyanine dyes before they were placed into culture (Honig and Hume, 1986), and were studied by making intracellular recordings during the first 2 weeks of coculture. Evoked mono...

The 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS; EC 2.5.1.19) is a key enzyme in the shikimate pathway for the production of aromatic amino acids and chorismate-derived secondary metabolites in plants, fungi, and microorganisms. It is also the target of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. Natural glyphosate resistance is generally thought to occur within microorganisms in a strong s...

Dendritic processing of glutamatergic synaptic inputs was investigated in the anterior pagoda cell of leech. We observed that below spike threshold, the amplitude of individual EPSPs decreased with hyperpolarization and that simultaneous stimulation of pairs of synaptic inputs leads to the supralinear summation of EPSPs. Voltage-clamp measurements revealed a hyperpolarization-activated, Ba-sens...

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Kochia scoparia has evolved in dryland chemical fallow systems throughout North America and the mechanism of resistance involves 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene duplication. Agricultural fields in four states were surveyed for K. scoparia in 2013 and tested for glyphosate-resistance level and EPSPS gene copy number. Glyphosate resistance was co...

Simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic intracellular recordings were used to analyze the properties of chemically mediated synaptic transmission between single club endings of eighth nerve afferents and the goldfish Mauthner (M-) cell lateral dendrite. The EPSPs exhibited pronounced facilitation when the presynaptic fiber fired high-frequency bursts of 2 or 3 impulses at intervals of 2-4 msec. The ...

The enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) catalyzes the penultimate step of the shikimate pathway, and is the target of the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate. Kinetic analysis of the cloned EPSPS from Staphylococcus aureus revealed that this enzyme exerts a high tolerance to glyphosate, while maintaining a high affinity for its substrate phosphoenolpyruvate. Enzymatic act...

1. An in vitro slice preparation of rat cerebellar cortex was used to analyse long-lasting modifications of synaptic transmission at parallel fibre (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses. These use-dependent changes were induced by pairing PF-mediated EPSPs evoked at low frequency (1 Hz) with different levels of membrane polarization (or bioelectrical activities) of PCs for 15 min. 2. Experiments wer...

Glyphosate-based products (GBP) are the most common broad-spectrum herbicides worldwide. The target of glyphosate is enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in shikimate pathway, which virtually universal plants. inhibition stops production three essential amino acids: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. EPSPS also present fungi prokaryotes, such as archaea bacteria; thu...

Genetically modified herbicide resistant (GMHR) crops have seriously affected the increase of food production. GMHR events are used on >80% 160 million estimated hectares of transgenic crops grown annually across 29 countries. GMHR traits encompass five events, including two transgenes code for glyphosate resistance and insensitive 5enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), the cp4 eps...

Although the cingulate cortex is frequently activated in acute human pain studies, postsynaptic responses are not known nor are links between nociceptive afferents, neuronal responses, and outputs to other structures. Intracellular potentials were recorded from neurobiotin-injected, pyramidal neurons in anterior cingulate area 24b following noxious stimulation of the sciatic nerve in anesthetiz...