Confounding should always be addressed in studies concerned with causality. When present, it results in a biased estimate of the effect of exposure on disease. The bias can be negative—resulting in underestimation of the exposure effect—or positive, and can even reverse the apparent direction of effect. It is a concern no matter what the design of the study or what statistic is used to measure ...

BACKGROUND The issue of poor response rates to population surveys has existed for some decades, but few studies have explored methods to improve the response rate in follow-up population cohort studies. METHODS A sample of 100,000 adults from the 45 and Up Study, a large population cohort in Australia, were followed up 3.5 years after the baseline cohort was assembled. A pilot mail-out of 500...

Integrating Behavior Change Theory and Measures into Health-Based Cookstove Interventions: A Proposed Epidemiologic Research Agenda Maggie L. Clark, Judy M. Heiderscheidt & Jennifer L. Peel To cite this article: Maggie L. Clark, Judy M. Heiderscheidt & Jennifer L. Peel (2015) Integrating Behavior Change Theory and Measures into Health-Based Cookstove Interventions: A Proposed Epidemiologic Rese...

Demographic estimates of population at risk often underpin epidemiologic research and public health surveillance efforts. In spite of their central importance to epidemiology and public-health practice, little previous attention has been paid to evaluating the magnitude of errors associated with such estimates or the sensitivity of epidemiologic statistics to these effects. In spite of the well...

background:the pattern of poisoning has a regional variability. this study was carried out to describe the epidemiological profile of acute poisoning in northeastern bangladesh and to evaluate the mortality. methods:in this retrospective cross-sectional study, medical records of poisoned patients treated at department of medicine of sylhet m.a.g. osmani medical college hospital, sylhet, banglad...

abstract: in contrast to traditional reviews, systematic reviews explore theliterature on a specific topic comprehensively using a well-defined protocol and recruit the findings of eligible studies after the assessment of their qualities, using a clear and reproducible method. checking the assumptions, we may merge the findings of recruited studies in a systematic review and use metaanalysis te...

‘‘It is philosophy, not science.’’ Physicists are familiar with this criticism of string theory, a theory that provides a unified description of all forces operating in the universe (1). Unlike philosophical arguments, scientific theories or their predictions need to be confirmed empirically. String theory involves an elegant set of mathematical equations; unfortunately, it is unclear whether i...

BACKGROUND No consensus exists about which cutoff point should be applied for serum vitamin B-12 (SB-12) concentrations to define vitamin B-12 status in population-based research. OBJECTIVE The study's aim was to identify whether a change point exists at which the relation between plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) and SB-12 changes slope to differentiate between inadequate and adequate vitamin ...

In this introduction to volume 31 of Epidemiologic Reviews, the author traces the history of health disparities research in epidemiology and situates the 10 review articles comprising this edition within this history. With the aid of a conceptual model describing the key determinants of health disparities, he offers several suggestions for improving future epidemiologic research on health dispa...

We are all living in the era of globalization and, like it or not, it is going to change the way we practise epidemiology, the kinds of questions we ask and the methods we use to answer them. However, the methods, and ways of thinking about the health of populations, that will be required for epidemiology in the 21st century are in some instances quite different from the standard epidemiologica...