background : the protozoan parasites cryptosporidium spp. and giardia are known to occur widely in both raw and drinking waters. they are two of the causative agents of waterborne out-breaks of gastroenteritis throughout the world. in the present study, a pcr assay and fa were developed for detection of cryptosporidium oocysts and giardia cyst in environmental samples. methods : we have detecte...

Surface water reservoirs and aquifers are exposed to contamination by thousands of micropollutants from industrial, pharmaceutical, agricultural and natural origins. Most developed and developing countries implement a water-quality regulation programme to prevent contamination by such chemicals at illegal concentrations. Traditionally, analytical methods based on gas chromatography-mass spectro...

In December 2012, an outbreak of acute gastrointestinal illness occurred in a geographical distinct area in Denmark covering 368 households. A combined microbiological, epidemiological and environmental investigation was initiated to understand the outbreak magnitude, pathogen(s) and vehicle in order to control the outbreak. Norovirus GII.4 New Orleans 2009 variant was detected in 15 of 17 indi...

Knowledge of environmental health was assessed in a sample of 192 students at Ja'afaru Secondary School, Zaria, Nigeria, by means of a questionnaire. A follow-up practice survey was also administered to assess the environmental sanitation of the school and the homes of a subsample of the students. Observations were recorded on the sources of water, the methods of refuse and sewage disposal, and...

The challenges associated with evaluating the effectiveness of environmental decision support systems (EDSS) based on the perceptions of only a small sample of end-users are well understood. Although methods adopted from Management Information Systems (MISs) evaluation research have benefited from relatively large (100þ) sample sizes, permitting the use of multi-criteria analysis of users perce...

Harmful elements (Pb, Se, Cd, etc.) in the soil samples were measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method. We investigated the influence of the thickness of soil layer, the grain size of soils, and the water content in soils on XRF intensity. Since high-energy XRF such as Cd K was detected in deep inside of soils, a thickness of 10 mm was recommended. The soil sample with a small grain size gave...

The equations governing the use of equilibrium solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for environmental samples with complex heterogeneous matrices were derived in terms of parameters commonly measured or estimated by environmental scientists. Parameterization of the SPME equations allowed for the a priori prediction of SPME performance as a function of analyte and sample properties as well as expe...

The environmental requirement of the river is the amount of water to maintain natural ecological conditions and health of quality of the river water. In this study, to estimate the environmental water requirement of Karoun River, Dez, Great Karoun and Beheshtabad sub-basin (upper Karoun) using hydrological Montana method and offers based on frequency analysis of hydrological flow normally and u...