Many AI systems have a black box nature that makes it difficult to understand how they make their recommendations. This can be unsettling, as the designer cannot be certain how the system will respond to novelty. To penetrate our Naïve Bayes recommender's black box, we first asked, what do we want to know from our system, and how can it be obtained? The answers led us to recursively define a co...

Background. The lingua franca of medicine, and most scientific fields, is English. The world’s most widely cited medical journals are published in English. As such, clinicians and researchers whose native language is not English must learn it to avail themselves to the large body of medical knowledge published in English. The goal of this project is to use a combination of content (a non-Englis...

English has assumed a new role in international communication in recent decades, that is, as a Lingua Franca (ELF) among speakers with different first languages. This study attempts to investigate and analyze Chinese university students’ perception and production of paired English fricatives from the perspective of ELF. By using a listening discrimination task and a reading task, respectively, ...

This paper examines a set of three patterns that examine the issues that arise when data are to be shared among several applications in one or more different formats. When an ENGLISH ONLY/STANDARD REPRESENTATION can be used, conversion and translation are moot issues. However, this simplicity is not without its cost. When freely CONVERTIBLE CURRENCIES are available, data are not isolated and tr...

Abstract This paper highlights a current phenomenon reported from preschools placed in multilingual areas Sweden, namely that some preschoolers with mutually different language backgrounds sometimes use English as lingua franca instead of Swedish during play. The data stems study environments situated both monolingual and areas. analyses reveal many children are influenced by the areas, but to ...