p r a c t ic e diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD) and a significant risk factor for progressive macroand microvascular disease. Increasing albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are both independent and additive risk factors for subsequent vascular complications. Given the increased risk that DKD poses for other mic...

p r a c t ic e diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of endstage renal disease (ESRD) and a significant risk factor for progressive macroand microvascular disease. Increasing albuminuria and declining estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) are both independent and additive risk factors for subsequent vascular complications. Given the increased risk that DKD poses for other mic...

361 ISSN 1758-1907 10.2217/DMT.12.44 © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd Diabetes Manage. (2012) 2(5), 361–364 Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), also known as diabetic nephropathy, is one of the most serious complications of diabetes and results from a complex interplay of metabolic and hemodynamic disturbances in genetically predisposed individuals. Classically, DKD is characterized by persistent proteinu...

Diabetes is commonly present in the patients with endstage renal disease (ESRD) requiring regular renal replacement therapy. In continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, supraphysiological concentration of dextrose has been widely used as dialysate in the peritoneal dialysis (PD) fluid for the past two decades. Depending on the period of exposure and the strength of the dextros...

ica is reaching epidemic proportions and is expected to double by 2025. Over 5% of the population is known to have diabetes, and as many as another 2.5% are estimated to have the disease without knowing it. The prevalence of diabetes is increasing faster in the First Nations population than in the general population, and the onset is occurring at ever earlier ages. Diabetes is the most common c...

Diabetic nephropathy is a major cause of endstage renal disease worldwide and is characterised by persistent albuminuria, functional and structural changes in the glomerulus. Patients with diabetes mellitus with kidney damage are at higher risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events.1 Evidence shows that nitric oxide pathway plays an important role in the development of vascular complicati...

There is no doubt that in patients with endstage renal failure sodium/water retention and (often unrecognized) hypervolaemia is the single most important determinant for elevated blood pressure. More detailed analysis reveals that in the renal patient susceptibility to hypervolaemia is increased due to inappropriately elevated activity of pressor systems (and/or decreased activity of depressor ...

The anaemia of chronic left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) or systolic heart failure is common, increases over time, and is linked with a bad clinical outcome. It is often considered an expression of the chronic vascular inflammation of endstage disease similar to that seen in conjunction with many other chronic disease states. Failure of haematinic function, particularly renal erythro...

The recent recognition that acute kidney injury (AKI) may lead to the development of chronic kidney disease and endstage renal disease, with the attendant increase in mortality, has led to interest in the clinical epidemiology and the mechanistic understanding of renal recovery after an episode of AKI. At present, no uniform definition for recovery after AKI exists and various considerations sh...