After invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the most frequent breast cancer and accounts for nearly 15% of all cancers (BC). Doxorubicin (DXR) a very effective chemotherapeutic drug utilized to treat BC but induces resistance severe side effects. Recently, liposomes have gained popularity as tumor microenvironment (TME) modulatory anticancer agents various malignancies, includin...

Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) env proteins have been recently reported to be significantly up-regulated in certain cancers. Specifically, mRNA and protein levels of HERV-K (HML-2) are up-regulated in the blood plasma or serum of breast cancer patients. Here, we collected blood samples of 49 breast cancer patients and analyzed mRNA expressions of various HERVs env genes including HERV-R, ...

Genes under the control of the cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2), and survivin promoters were constructed and delivered to murine and human carcinoma cells. It was found that (P)Cox-2-driven reporter expression was strong and correlated well with endogenous Cox-2 levels, while (P)Her-2 and (P)survivin yielded poor results, consistent with the three disti...

Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) is a powerful technique used for the relative quantification of target genes, using reference (housekeeping) genes for normalization to ensure the generation of accurate and robust data. A systematic examination of the suitability of endogenous reference genes for gene expression studies in endometrial cancer tissues is absent. The aims of this study were...

The mutagenic potential of chemical agents and radiation is determined primarily by the nature and quantity of the lesions introduced in DNA. Most mutagens induce multiple types of lesions, each with different mutagenic properties resulting in a variety of mutations. To obtain a clear picture of the various types of mutations caused by a mutagen, target genes capable of detecting the majority o...

BACKGROUND Traditional diagnoses of major depressive disorder (MDD) suggested that the presence or absence of stress prior to onset results in either 'reactive' or 'endogenous' subtypes of the disorder, respectively. Several lines of research suggest that the biological underpinnings of 'reactive' or 'endogenous' subtypes may also differ, resulting in differential response to treatment. We inve...