Evidence are now given that immune cells expressed endocrine markers like neuropeptides, biogenic amine, neuropeptide processing enzymes, regulated secretion pathway. In clear, immune cells expressed like the nervous system an endocrine phenotype. This give the following question: what can we now consider as immune or endocrine?

The transcription factor Pdx1 is required for multiple aspects of pancreatic organogenesis. It remains unclear to what extent Pdx1 expression and function depend upon trans-activation through 5' conserved cis-regulatory regions and, in particular, whether the mammal-specific Area II (-2139 to -1958 bp) affects minor or major aspects of organogenesis. We show that Area II is a primary effector o...

Histamine and chromogranin A-immunoreactive cells were studied in the mucosa of the human stomach. Cells reacting to both histamine and chromogranin A-antibodies (histamine containing endocrine cells), were demonstrated by double immunostaining and found to be restricted to the oxyntic mucosa. Histamine containing cells that did not stain with chromogranin A-antibodies were numerous throughout ...

The present study was conducted to clarify the influence of feeding habits on regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells secreting cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin (GAS), serotonin (5-HT) and enteroglucagon (GLUC) in the nectarivorous Anoura geoffroyi and Glossophaga soricina and the sanguivorous Desmodus rotundus bats of the Phyllostomidae family, by specific immunohistochem...

Endocrine and endothelial cells of the anterior pituitary gland frequently make close appositions or contacts, and the secretory granules of each endocrine cell tend to accumulate at the perivascular regions, which is generally considered to facilitate secretory functions of these cells. However, three-dimensional relationships between the localization pattern of secretory granules and blood ve...

Insulinoma associated 1 (Insm1) plays an important role in regulating the development of cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems, olfactory epithelium and endocrine pancreas. To better define the role of Insm1 in pancreatic endocrine cell development we generated mice with an Insm1(GFPCre) reporter allele and used them to study Insm1-expressing and null populations. Endocrine progen...

regarding to the important of pancreas in the body, this study was carried out on the histologic structure of pancreas of 6 pairs of iranian native turkeys of both sexes, age ranging from 26-30 weeks. routine histological techniques were used and stained by h&e; and masson’s trichrome, gomori’s method for reticulum, verhoeff’s, maldonado’s methods. the pancreas was covered with a thick dense co...

The effect of thoraco-vagotomy on the distribution and frequency of chromogranin-, serotonin-, somatostatin- and gastrin-immunoreactive cells in the abomasum of the calf were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Calves were vagotomized at 1 week old and sampled 2 and 4 weeks later. The endocrine cells generally decreased in number in vagotomized calves as compared to non-operated control calve...

In the early human embryonic/fetal pancreas, we studied 1) the ontogenetic pattern of the endocrine cells and the evolution of the endocrine mass, and 2) the morphogenetic pattern of development and, more precisely, the complex relationship of the epithelial mass with the surrounding mesenchyme. We studied 15 pancreases between 7 and 11 weeks of development (WD) by double immunohistochemistry. ...

introduction: type i diabetes mellitus is caused by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells. a new potential method for curing the disease is transplantation of differentiated insulin- secreting cells from human embryonic stem cells. methods: human embryonic stem cell lines (royan h1) were used to produce embryoid bodies. differentiation carried out by growth factor-mediated sel...