Licensed human vaccines can induce various adverse events in vaccinated patients. Many known vaccine adverse events (VAEs) have been recorded in the package inserts of commercial vaccine products. To better represent and analyse VAEs, we developed the Ontology of Vaccine Adverse Events (OVAE) as an extension of the Ontology of Adverse Events (OAE) and the Vaccine Ontology (VO). OVAE has been us...

How is the outcome of the categorization process represented? This question has gone virtually unaddressed. A notable exception is Barsalou (2012) which proposes that categorization results in a type–token predication, whereby the type representation (e.g. DOG) is predicated of the token representation of the categorized individual (e.g. Fido). Another is Jackendoff (1983) which proposes that c...

reincarnation (tan?sokh) and return (raj?t) are two similar, and at the same time controversial, issues in religious beliefs domain. the first is an important doctrine among great number of religions and philosophical and theosophical schools in world; and the second has also a significant position in some religions. this similarity is so that some people consider them as one doctrine. but this...

All multicellular organisms protect themselves against pathogens using sophisticated immune defenses. Functionally interconnected humoral and cellular facilities maintain immune homeostasis in the absence of overt infection and regulate the initiation and termination of immune responses directed against pathogens. Immune responses of invertebrates, such as flies, are innate and usually stereoty...