A: Not really. When we design, we need tools such as use cases to let us piece together the parts divided by encapsulation. When we code, we routinely violate encapsulation when we send messages to values returned from method calls. Experimentally , we see that the systems we are building seem to have move inter-object behaviour than intra-object behaviour. Our knowledge engineering experience ...

porous hollow glass microspheres have many uses, including encapsulation of active materials. in this paper a fast and facile method for fabricating porous hollow glass-microspheres was demonstrated by etching them using dilute hydrofluoric acid. then, a highly reactive amine was infiltrated into the etched glass microspheres. scanning electron microscopy was conducted for the hollow glass micr...

abstract. seeds or plant organs are usually used as the materials for the long-term cryopreservation. the aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of seed cryopreservation of lilium ledebourii (baker) boiss. as an endemic and endangered species because of genetic erosion. to evaluate seed potentials for the cryopreservation, four treatments including vitrification, 30% glycerol, desi...

cyclodextrins (cds) are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides which are composed of α (1,4) -linked glucopyranose subunits. thebest-characterized forms are α, β and γ cd which are consisted of six, seven and eight d-glucose units, respectively. cyclodextrins are produced from starch by enzymatic degradation. these macrocyclic carbohydrates with polar internal cavities can form complexes with and ...

Current prototype-based languages suffer from an inherent conflict between inheritance and encapsulation. Whereas encapsulation tries to hide implementation details from the user, inheritance depends at least to some extent on exposing these implementation details. We propose a powerful calculus with dynamic object modification which does not have this conflict. This calculus constitutes a form...

Worker honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis) encapsulate the small hive beetle (Aethina tumida), a nest parasite, in propolis (tree resin collected by the bees). The encapsulation process lasts 1–4 days and the bees have a sophisticated guarding strategy for limiting the escape of beetles during encapsulation. Some encapsulated beetles died (4.9%) and a few escaped (1.6%). Encapsulation has proba...

The degree of brain abscess encapsulation is positively related to surgical mortality and methods to enhance capsule wall formation, therefore, have therapeutic relevance. Two primate models are described which may be useful in the investigation of encapsulation of traumatic and metastatic brain abscesses. Direct intracerebral inoculation induces abscesses displaying more prominent inflammatory...

Encapsulation of human islets may prevent their immune rejection when transplanted into diabetic recipients. To assist in understanding why clinical outcomes with encapsulated islets were not ideal, we examined the effect of encapsulation on their global gene (mRNA) and selected miRNAs (non-coding (nc)RNA) expression. For functional studies, encapsulated islets were transplanted into peritoneal...

BACKGROUND We investigated the encapsulation mechanism of enzymes into liposomes. The existing protocols to achieve high encapsulation efficiencies are basically optimized for chemically stable molecules. Enzymes, however, are fragile and encapsulation requires in addition the preservation of their functionality. Using acetylcholinesterase as a model, we found that most protocols lead to a rapi...

A perspective on abiotic material encapsulation inside virus capsids is provided. The emphasis is on the physical principles of virus assembly relevant to packaging, strategies for encapsulation and capsid modification, and on emerging applications.