The article focuses on the issue of the two definitions of charge, mainly the gauge charge and the effective charge of fundamental particles. Most textbooks on classical electromagnetism and quantum field theory only works with the gauge charges while the concept of the induced charge remains unattended. In this article it has been shown that for intrinsically charged particles both of the char...

The covariant regularization of the contributions of fundamental particles to the vacuum energy density is implemented in the Pauli-Villars, dimensional regularization, and Feynman regulator frameworks. Rules of correspondence between dimensional regularization and cutoff calculations are discussed. Invoking the scale invariance of free field theories in the massless limit, as well as consisten...

Leo Kadanoff is a theoretical physicist who has contributed widely to research in the properties of matter and upon the fringes of elementary particle physics, Most recently he has been involved in the understanding of the onset of chaos in simple mechanical and fluid systems. He was born and received his early education in New York City. He did his undergraduate and graduate work at Harvard Un...

The number d φ is called the field dimension of the free field φ(x). Its value (7.4) is a direct consequence of the naive dimensional properties of x and φ. In the units used in this text, in which we have set kBT = 1 [recall the convention stated before Eq. (2.6)], the exponential in the partition function is e, so that E[φ] is a dimensionless quantity. The coordinates have the dimension of a ...

In its most common use, the term ‘model’ refers to a simplified and stylised version of the socalled target system, the part or aspect of the world that we are interested in. For instance, in order to determine the orbit of a planet moving around the sun we model the planet and the sun as perfect homogenous spheres that gravitationally interact with each other but nothing else in the universe, ...

The number d φ is called the field dimension of the free field φ(x). Its value (7.4) is a direct consequence of the naive dimensional properties of x and φ. In the units used in this text, in which we have set kBT = 1 [recall the convention stated before Eq. (2.6)], the exponential in the partition function is e, so that E[φ] is a dimensionless quantity. The coordinates have the dimension of a ...

Inspired by the concept of complementarity, we present a illustrative model for the weak interactions with unbroken gauge symmetry and unbroken supersymmetry. The observable particles are bound states of some more fundamental particles. Supersymmetry is broken at the macroscopic scale of the observable particles by a discrete symmetry but remains exact at the scale of the fundamental particle a...

Recently different regularization schemes for calculations of the vacuum energy stored in the zero-point motion of fundamental fields were discussed. We show that the contribution of the fermionic and bosonic fields to the energy of the vacuum depends on the physical realization of the vacuum state. The energy density of the homogeneous equilibrium vacuum is zero irrespective of the fermionic a...

.Over the past few years it has been shown that the use of an “infinite momentum’7 Lorentz frame1 has remarkable advantages for calculations in elementary particle physics and field theory, especially in the areas of current algebra sum rules, 2 parton models, 3, 4 and eikonal scattering.5,6 One important advantage is that it allows a straightforward application of the impulse and incoherence a...

We present a broad review on black holes. We analyse some of the fundamental concepts in black hole theory, the observational and theoretical status of stellar and galactic black holes, and their appearance