voltages and currents are induced into electronic circuit boards as electromagnetic waves are radiated on them. the strength of induction depends on the wavefront and the circuit board characteristics. in this paper, by solving maxwell’s equations using fdtd method and then by extending it by three dimensional simulation using the gpml criteria for boundary conditions and tf/sf technique, effec...

We give general expressions for the light reflection and transmission coefficients for one-dimensional (1D) photonic quasicrystals in the framework of the so-called two-wave approximation. A special attention is paid to quasicrystals composed of dielectric layers, where the reflection and transmission coefficients as a function of the length of the structure take a simple form. The expression f...

While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scientists are searching for technologies to build the quantum computer using Quantum Information. In August 2013, the achievement of "fully deterministic" quantum teleportation, using a hybrid technique,...

Quantizing gravity is an important goal of contemporary physics, but after decades of effort it's proven to be an extremely tough nut to crack. So it's worth considering a very slight shift of emphasis. What if the right strategy is not " finding the right theory of gravity and quantizing it, " but " finding a quantum theory out of which gravity emerges " ? [8] While physicists are continually ...

Building a quantum computer can sometimes yield unexpected benefits — like providing the right environment to demonstrate that Albert Einstein's theory of special relativity is, in fact, correct. [7] While physicists are continually looking for ways to unify the theory of relativity, which describes large-scale phenomena, with quantum theory, which describes small-scale phenomena, computer scie...

The general method to obtain solutions of the Maxwellian equations from scalar representatives is developed and applied to the diffraction of electromagnetic waves. Kirchhoff’s integral is modified to provide explicit expressions for these representatives. The respective integrals are then evaluated using the method of stationary phase in two dimensions. Hitherto unknown formulae for the polari...

In this paper we investigate the potential of light trapping with diffraction gratings for organic solar cells. The architecture of the solar cell is based on conjugated polymers and a buckminsterfullerene derivative (PCBM), forming an interpenetrating donor-acceptor-network. The motivation for light trapping is the small absorptance of the photoactive polymer in the range of the solar spectrum...

Perturbations to conventional two beam X-ray diffraction arising from multibeam scattering effects have been studied theoretically. A simple analytical expression for the diffracted wave field and intensity near a multiple excitation is derived by using the perturbation theory of scattering of electromagnetic waves. Although it cannot be applied to the center of a multibeam diffraction peak, it...

Ray tracing is a technique based on the numerical simulation of geometrical optics and the uniform theory of diffraction, two well-known approximate methods for estimating a highfrequency electromagnetic field, based on the ray theory of field propagation. Radio-wave propagation prediction models based on ray tracing play an important role in wireless network planning, as they take into account...

Time is an emergent phenomenon that is a side effect of quantum entanglement, say physicists. And they have the first experimental results to prove it. [4] The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the Wave-Particle Duality and the electron's spin also, building the Bridge between the Classical and Quan...