The different approaches that have been taken in the development of electrochemical detectors incorporating carbon as the principal electrode substrate are reviewed. The multitude of forms that carbon can take provides an extremely versatile platform upon which to enhance the detector performance. The different approaches that have been taken in recent years have been critically appraised and t...

We present a compact and lightweight liquid chromatography system. This system consists of a battery-powered electroosmotic flow pump, a 20-nL injector, a microchip contains a reversed phase packed column and an electrochemical detector, and a handheld potentiostat powered by a universal serial bus (USB) connected to a laptop computer. The system has overall dimensions of approximately 26 cm wi...

Using high performance liquid chromatography with an electrochemical detector, we examined antagonistic effects of l- and d-acebutolol and atenolol against isoproterenol-induced facilitation of impulse-evoked release of endogenous norepinephrine and dopamine in rat hypothalamic slices. Isoproterenol (10 nM) increased the release of the both catecholamines, and this facilitation was similarly an...

The goal of this paper is to demonstrate a new approach to the chromatographic total antioxidant potential (TAP) assay and chromatographic fingerprints of honeys. The analyte is analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical (amperometric) detection. The TAP measure was the total surface area of all recorded chromatographic peaks (on the amperometric d...

In this general method for measuring the concentrations of neurotransmitters in body fluids by "high performance" liquid chromatography (HPLC), the procedures for extracting different biogenic amines from body fluids vary, but the basic chromatographic conditions are the same for all. We use citric/formic acid buffer as the mobile phase, a C18 column, and an electrochemical detector. Specificit...

The isolation and preconcentration of estrogens from new types of biological samples (acellular and protein-free simulated body fluid) by molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction has been described. In this technique, supramolecular receptors, namely molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are used as a sorbent material. The recognition sites of MIPs were prepared by non-covalent multiple int...

INTRODUCTION Accurate measurement of dielectric constant and conductivity, also known as, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a simple, yet powerful technique for analyzing the properties of liquids and gases. EIS is currently used in a wide range of industrial applications including monitoring the purity of boiler water in power plants [1], as well as, the health of lubricants in h...

A. Introduction B. Optical and Spectrophotometric Detectors 1. Differential refractometry 2. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry 3. Fluorescence detection 4. Infrared spectrophotometric detectors 5. Spectrophotometric detection with post-column chemical reaction C. Some Miscellaneous Detection Systems 1. The mass spectrometer as an HPLC detector 2. Radioactivity detectors 3. Density, electrochemical ...