The use of renewable energy technologies in China is becoming increasingly important to meet the needs of a large rural population. Solar and wind renewable resources in particular are available in regions of China that at present have no access to conventional grid power. Two regions in China that have an acute lack of electricity are a large region in northern and western China and the coasta...

Evaluations of new infrastructure in developing countries typically focus on direct effects, such as the impact of an electrification program on household energy use. But if new infrastructure induces people to move into an area, other local publicly provided goods may become congested, offsetting the benefit of the infrastructure. We use a simple model to show how to measure the net benefit of...

0009-2614/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. A doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2009.12.009 * Corresponding author. Address: University of Tex Biochemistry, 1 University Sta. A5300, Austin, TX 7812 512 471 0088. E-mail address: [email protected] (A.J. Bard) Electrostatic charges generated on polymer surfaces by contact electrification e.g. polyethylene (PE) contacted with polyamide (Nylon), are cap...

In South Africa and other developing countries there is currently a drive to electrify homes of disadvantaged communities. To aid the electrification process requires effective software applications. The set of stand-alone tools currently used are inherently based in two dimensions and convey a limited amount of information. This paper introduces a software application, DataVis, which allows de...

The paper discusses the institutional reforms for rural electrification (RE) in Thailand and Bangladesh and analyses the impacts of private sector participation in electricity generation and tariff reforms on the poor in Thailand. RE program in Thailand, initiated in 1977, increased electricity access by rural households from 7% in early 70s to 97% by 2000. In Bangladesh the RE program, initiat...

[1] Current flowing in the global atmospheric electrical circuit (AEC) substantially decreased during the twentieth century. Fair-weather potential gradient (PG) observations in Scotland and Shetland show a previously unreported annual decline from 1920 to 1980, when the measurements ceased. A 25% reduction in PG occurred in Scotland 1920– 50, with the maximum decline during the winter months. ...

Despite its widely recognized importance, electricity is not yet available everywhere, and there are many areas of the globe which still depend on alternative sources of energy such as wood, charcoal and kerosene. In contrast, the USA was the first country to be fully electrified. This article explores the current challenges faced by developing countries, presents the historical evidence from t...

OBJECTIVE To observe changes on cell membrane in blood cells after they were been electrified. METHODS Blood were electrified for 5, 10, 20, 30 s, 1 min respectively, and Scanning electron microscope was used to detect the changes on their cell membranes. RESULTS Pores were detected both on electrified erythrocytes and leukocytes with round or ellipse shapes. The erythrocytes often have one...