Microtubules, which are thought to be the primary organizers of the cytoskeleton, are electrical polar structures with extraordinary elastic deformability at low stress and with energy supply from hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to guanosine diphosphate (GDP). At least a part of the energy supplied from hydrolysis can excite vibrations. Energy is mainly lost by viscous damping of the...

Escalators are a common method of transportation for people in commercial and residential buildings, for this reason its energy efficiency is usually a matter of concern. Typically, the design of energy saving systems to be used in them involves the control of their speed. In this situation, in order to estimate the achievable energy savings it is necessary to evaluate the escalator’s behaviour...

This review intuitively explains the fundamental trade-offs of repeated and equalized electrical interconnects for on-chip networks as referencing counterparts of emerging nanophotonic interconnects in terms of data rate density, energy per bit, and latency. We also review the current stateof-the-art electrical interconnects from literature.

Pyroelectric energy conversion is a novel energy process which directly transforms waste heat energy from cyclic heating into electricity via the pyroelectric effect. Application of a periodic temperature profile to pyroelectric cells is necessary to achieve temperature variation rates for generating an electrical output. The critical consideration in the periodic temperature profile is the fre...

Properties of Microwaves Microwaves are electromagnetic waves which fail in the frequency range of approximately 30-300,000 MHz. The location of the microwave band in the electromagnetic spectrum is shown in Fig. 1. From the relation X = c/l), (where X is the wavelength of the radiation, c is the speed of light, and is the frequency) the range of the wavelength of the radiation in free space is...

This paper presents an energy management strategy to supply residential load by hybrid fuel cell power plant (FCPP). Economical fuel cell (FC) model includes thermal load, local electrical load, operational cost, startup cost and different tariffs on electricity during the day hour is discussed.  Several Strategies have been presented for supplying residential load (electrical and thermal loads...

the industrial growth of any developing country largely depends on the availability of abundant energy resources. according to the energy survey carried out by international atomic energy agency, (1) the contribution which nuclear energy will make towards the total energy requirements of the developed countries of the world by the end of the century will be about 50%. in iran by the year 1992 t...