in this paper, plug-in fuel cell electric vehicle (pfcev) is considered with dual power sources including fuel cell (fc) and battery energy storage. in order to respond to a transient power demand, usually supercapacitor energy storage device is combined with fuel cell to create a hybrid system with high energy density of fuel cell and the high power density of battery. in order to simulate the...

• Components of Photochemical Smog • Why High Levels of Ozone in the Air are Undesirable Antioxidants in the Lungs Ozone as an Oxidizing Agent • Automobile Emissions Increase Ozone Concentrations Incomplete Combustion of Gasoline Produces Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons (VOC) Combustion at High Temperatures Produces NO VOC, NO and Sunlight Result in Ozone Formation • Reducing Nitrogen Oxides and ...

With electric vehicles becoming a more attractive alternative to combustion vehicles, they appear as new volatile loads in the low voltage distribution grids. Until now, they are at the best only considered rudimentarily in the planning process. This paper presents the modelling of electric vehicles as agents in a multi-agent simulation environment for planning purposes. Integrating a model of ...

Batteries of electric vehicles (BEV) are becoming more attractive with the advancement of new battery technologies and promotion of electric vehicles. BEV batteries are recharged on board vehicles using either the grid (G2V for Grid to Vehicle) or renewable energies in a stand-alone application (H2V for Home to Vehicle). This paper deals with the modeling, sizing and control of a photovoltaic s...

Brussels Free Universities (Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Université Libre de Bruxelles) started in 1979 with the development of a new urban transport system based on electric vehicles. A fleet of electric vehicles built by PGE has been set up since 1980. During the development of the project a considerable evolution of the viewpoint has taken place due to the observation of vehicle technology...

Due to the growing concern about global environmental problems and shrinking nonrenewable energy sources, research on electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles is once again attracting significant attention. Meanwhile, significant improvements in power electronics, energy storage and control technology have made electric vehicles fully feasible, preparing the state of the art for their ret...

Electric vehicles can be sustainable alternative in contrast to conventional fossil fuel powered vehicles only if the green energy is used to power them. Without coordination among electric vehicles and grid operator, it can imbalance the power production and demand. This paper presents an automated coordinated mechanism among EV fleet and the grid operator that plans a charging strategy for el...

Some aspects are illustrated of energy conversion processes during the operation of electric railway vehicles with traction induction motors, in order to support transport systems’ sustainability. Increasing efforts are being expended to enhance the sustainability of transportation technologies and systems. Since electric drive systems are used with variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF) in...

Executive Summary Electric-drive vehicles can become an important resource for the California electric utility system, with consequent air pollution, system reliability, and economic benefits. We refer to electric power resources from vehicles as "Vehicle to Grid" power (V2G). The economic value of some forms of V2G appear high, more than enough to offset the initially higher costs of electric-...