Protein structure prediction, fold recognition, homology modeling and design rely mainly on statistical effective energy functions. Although the theoretical foundation of such functions is not clear, their usefulness has been demonstrated in many applications. Molecular mechanics force fields, particularly when augmented by implicit solvation models, provide physical effective energy functions ...

Abstract Coordinate noncommutativity, rather than being introduced through deformations of operator products, is achieved by coupling an auxiliary system with large energy excitations to the one of interest. Integrating out the auxiliary dynamics, or equivalently taking ground state expectation values, leads to the desired coordinate noncommutativity. The product responsible for this noncommuta...

Tetsuya Shiromizu, Shunsuke Fujii, Claudia de Rham and Hirotaka Yoshino Department of Physics, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan Department of Physics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan Advanced Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan and Ernest Rutherford Physics Building, McGill University, 3600 rue University, M...

We consider the question raised in [1] of whether relaxed energy densities involving both bulk and surface energies can be written as a sum of two functions, one depending on the net gradient of admissible functions, and the other on net singular part. We show that, in general, they cannot. In particular, if the bulk density is quasiconvex but not convex, there exists a convex and homogeneous o...

At present, solar energy conversion technologies face cost and scalability hurdles in the technologies required for a complete energy system. To provide a truly widespread primary energy source, solar energy must be captured, converted, and stored in a cost-effective fashion. New developments in nanotechnology, biotechnology, and the materials and physical sciences may enable step-change approa...