This study examined the association between cell phone use, including minutes spent talking and number of text messages sent, and two measures of children's reading proficiency - tests of word decoding and reading comprehension - in the United States. Data were drawn from the Child Development Supplement to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, a nationally representative survey of 1,147 children...

An argument in the cognitive enhancement literature is that using stimulants in populations of healthy but socially disadvantaged individuals mistakenly attributes pathology to nonpathological individuals who experience social inequalities. As the argument goes, using stimulants as cognitive-enhancing drugs to solve the social problem of poorly educated students in inadequate schools misattribu...

After a period in which the emphasis in education was on “the basics,” increasing attention has been paid at the turn of the century to the “moral task of education” in the Netherlands. Schools are not only expected to prepare students for further education and/or the labour market but also for participating in society in the broadest sense, for example, in politics, care, and culture. In this ...

BACKGROUND In Sweden, the smoking prevalence has declined. In 2007, it was among the lowest in the industrialized world. A steady increase in the use of Swedish oral moist snuff, snus, has occurred in parallel. This development is neither solicited by authorities nor the medical establishment, but rather has occurred along with increased awareness of the dangers of smoking, and has been promote...

This paper will examine differences in the roles played in the practice of surgery by males and females associated with the Barber-Surgeons Company in seventeenth-century London. It will also look at the ecclesiastical licensing process as it related to the licensing of male and female surgeons.1 The evidence will show that gender differences in both the guild and ecclesiastical routes to becom...

AIMS To examine the influence of country-level characteristics and individual socio-economic status (SES) on individual alcohol-related consequences. METHODS Data from 42,655 men and women collected by cross-sectional surveys in 25 countries of the Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International Study study were used. The individual SES was measured by the highest attained educational level. Al...

A need for more hospital accommodations has followed advances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, acting in association with an increase in the social conscience and in the individual regard for health. Operating perhaps more slowly is a different factor,-the elimination and reduction of disease by prevention will entirely alter the character of hospital practice, and, the .author believ...

The Institute of Medicine has stated that analyzing data according to sex and gender may change practices used by clinicians and taught in medical education. Gender-specific medicine embraces the concept that differences between men and women encompass the entire organism, not just their reproductive biology, and that recognizing these differences will improve the precision and quality of healt...

The news media play a vital role in disseminating health information, yet little is known about the social characteristics of health journalists or the impact they have on the newsmaking process. This study examines how the social group influences of US health journalists impact two important aspects of news production--'media agenda-setting' and 'framing'. Using data from a national survey of ...

This study sought to examine how the physical activity levels and sedentary time of preschoolers attending center-based childcare varied across the week. Sex differences were also explored. Participants (n=101) wore Actical™ accelerometers (15 s epoch) for five consecutive days during childcare hours only. A multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance was used to evaluate levels of sede...