purpose : among the three forms of anthrax in human (cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal), cutaneous anthrax is the most common form with prevalence of 95%. the cutaneous anthrax is a rare cause of periorbital (preseptal) cellulitis that may remained without correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment. this may result in severe local complications such as blindness and airway obstruct...

OBJECTIVES To describe a new 3-dimensional technique for medial canthal repositioning, precaruncular medial canthopexy (PMC), and to present an outcome study demonstrating its efficacy. METHODS Data (age, sex, cause, and initial symptoms) were collected prospectively on patients with malposition of the lower eyelid. All patients were photographed before and after surgery in a set protocol. Th...

In the literature, there is a confusing classification among congenital floppy eyelid, eyelid eversion and ectropion. They are described as malposition with laxity out-turning of eyelids in newborns, usually associated conjunctival prolapse chemosis. Although underlying pathophysiology these rare conditions obscure, they share anatomic characteristics. Thus, instead plethora denominations, spec...

Patients with facial paralysis present with a constellation of ocular manifestations. Ectropion resulting from downward displacement of the lower eyelid appears after loss of orbicularis tone and function.1 In addition, upper eyelid retraction, resulting in lagophthalmos and a decrease in tear production and/or proper tear distribution and channeling,may result in dry eyes and epiphora. Tear fl...