This article discusses legal and economic rationale in regards to open source software protection. Software programs are, under TRIPS1, protected by copyright (reference is made to the Berne Convention2). The issue with this protection is that, due to the dichotomy idea/expression that is typical for copyright protection, reverse engineering of software is not excluded, and copyright is hence f...

Ion exclusion is a chromatographic process which separates components from an impure feedstock on the basis of molecular size and charge. A pilot plant ion exclusion separator was constructed to determine the technical and economic feasibility of recovering sugar from refinery jet 4 (the feedstock identified as most promising in terms of ease of treatment). Extensive tests on jet 4 from the Mal...

This commentary explores the effect economic diversity in United States has on social exclusion and demonstrates how vividly global pandemic exposed such exclusion. The is a clarion call to those who strive for not only genuine equality of opportunity, but also equitable outcomes.

Inclusive ICT business can be defined as doing business with ICT-enabled products and services that are aimed at or take into account the market of persons at risk of social or economic exclusion. These persons include many elderly people, persons with disabilities, groups with a low income or education among whom a growing number of marginalized youngsters, persons living in remote locations o...

This paper critically analyses the views of poverty adopted by different economic schools of thought which are relevant to the UK, as well as eclectic theories focused on social exclusion and social capital. We contend that each of the economic approaches has an important contribution to make to the understanding of poverty but that no theory is sufficient in itself; a selective synthesis is ne...

right of enforcement developed to the right of effective enforcement which both rooted in judicial protection. effective enforcement needs to foresee clear and useful, expeditious and cheap methods that helps the collection of defendant’s financial information and facilitates voluntary enforcement of judgment and finally use of professional and independent persons in execution process. in irani...

Financial inclusion/exclusion has recently been emphasised as an important policy option aimed at alleviating poverty, minimising social exclusion and enhancing economic growth. In this article, we review the growing interest in financial exclusion and inclusion, define them and demonstrate their existence in developing and developed countries. Our empirical focus is on whether financial inclus...