Scholars have debated the manner in which religious beliefs influence economic organization. This paper examines a particular case–the craft guilds of medieval England–to show how religious doctrines influence the ability of a group to enforce cooperation. When mortality rates are high, repeated interaction alone cannot sustain cooperation, but spiritual sanctions in the afterlife can sustain c...

This article examines the role played by varieties of capitalism in the Euro crisis, considering the origins of the crisis, its progression and the response to it. Deficiencies in the institutional arrangements governing the single currency are linked to economic doctrines of the 1990s. The roots of the crisis are linked to institutional asymmetries between political economies. Northern Europea...

Some philosophers have replied to Leibniz’s “shift” argument against the reality of absolute space by appealing to anti-haecceitist doctrines about possible worlds, influenced especially by David Lewis’s counterpart theory. But separated from Lewis’s distinctive views about what possible worlds are, it is difficult to understand what those doctrines really amount to, and why they are relevant t...

the most accurate contracts may also be involved in ambiguity, and interpretation is trying to understand the legal concept. insurance contract are counted as accession contracts in which the insured has no thorough understanding of the terms. because of parties inequality in insurance contracts, they fall into a different category from the interpretation perspective and demand protective inter...

PRESENTISM AND ONTOLOGICAL SYMMETRY Joseph Diekemper Introduction Presentism tells us that since only the present exists, the past and future are equally unreal. But presentism is also motivated, just as any A-Theory of time is, by the common sense intuition that the past is fixed and the future not. It is, in part, this belief in a robust asymmetry of fixity that makes the A-Theory distinctive...

We pursue the definition of a KZ-doctrine in terms of a fully faithful adjoint string Dd ⊣ m ⊣ dD. We give the definition in any Gray-category. The concept of algebra is given as an adjunction with invertible counit. We show that these doctrines are instances of more general pseudomonads. The algebras for a pseudomonad are defined in more familiar terms and shown to be the same as the ones defi...

This manuscript critically discusses the current implications of scriptural injunctions against gharar and maysir. It elaborates how overlooking features contemporary world adopting a formalistic approach in Islamic jurisprudence have led to absurdity implication doctrines maysir for Muslims’ financial activities. The also underscores necessity maqāsid (purposivism) jurisprudence. propounds tha...

By a ‘completion’ on a 2-category K we mean here an idempotent pseudomonad on K . We are particularly interested in pseudomonads that arise from KZdoctrines. Motivated by a question of Lawvere, we compare the Cauchy completion [23], defined in the setting of V-Cat for V a symmetric monoidal closed category, with the Grothendieck completion [7], defined in the setting of S-Indexed Cat for S a to...