Azzalure (Galderma) is a newly approved European botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) specifically designed for aesthetic usages. It is sourced from Dysport (Ipsen Ltd.), which has a 20-year product consistency and has been used widely for various therapeutic and aesthetic applications. Azzalure and Dysport are collectively referred to as BoNT-A (Speywood Unit; s.U) (or abobotulinumtoxinA in th...

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin A (BTXA) injection to the levator palpebrae superioris muscle to induce a protective ptosis can adversely cause reduced upgaze due to diffusion of BTXA to the superior rectus muscle. PURPOSE To compare the incidence of reduced upgaze in trascutaneous versus transconjunctival administration of BTXA to induce protective ptosis in patients with exposure keratopathy due...

background: this study evaluated the efficacy of focal intramuscular injection of botulinum (bont) toxin type a in comparison with oral tizanidine (tzd) in treatment of post-stroke upper limb spasticity. methods: this was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial that recruited 68 patients with post-stroke upper limb spasticity. thirty-four patients received bont (dysport(®)) injections in aff...

BACKGROUND This study evaluated the efficacy of focal intramuscular injection of botulinum (BoNT) toxin type A in comparison with oral tizanidine (TZD) in treatment of post-stroke upper limb spasticity. METHODS This was a double-blinded randomized clinical trial that recruited 68 patients with post-stroke upper limb spasticity. Thirty-four patients received BoNT (Dysport(®)) injections in aff...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to study the effect of Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injections in spastic upper limb muscles on impairment, activity, participation and quality of life in chronic stroke patients. METHODS BoNT-A (Dysport) was injected into several upper limb spastic muscles in a group of 20 patients. Neurological impairment (muscle tone and strength, dex...

Botulism was originally called “sausage poisoning” because it occurred following the ingestion of poorly prepared blood sausages in Stuttgart. Justinus Kerner first described the clinical features of botulism in 1822. (Ergbuth). In 1895, Van Ermengem isolated the bacillus from the remains of a meal following which members of a musical party developed symptoms and 3 of them died. This occurred i...

The use of neuromodulators has increased by approximately 748 percent from 2000 to 2014 and has become an integral adjunct for facial rejuvenation. Knowledge of facial anatomy, accurate facial analysis, and familiarity with neurotoxin characteristics will minimize complications and optimize results. Current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved neurotoxins in the United States include onab...

, A., Discussion of unique Acomment aboutAndyPickett’s slides,which attempted to show similarity to the Diane Tang-Liu and Roger Aoki paper (Tang-Liu et al., 2003). In the first two papers, those were saturateddoses, and theywereperformed fordifferent purposes and cannot really be used in the way Andy Pickett used them. The other issue is on the definitions. I think now we are all very confused...