during the recent decades, substantial changes are made in the borders and contents of physiology as a basic course for the students in medicine. here some strategies are presented to preserve the classical and integrative approaches in teaching physiology, while these approaches extent our knowledge to molecular, sub-cellular and cellular levels.

Forty years ago, Lundberg introduced the concept of the brain-to-brain loop for laboratory testing. In this concept, in the brain of the physician caring for the patient, the first step involves the selection of laboratory tests and the final step is the transmission of the test result to the ordering physician. There are many intermediary steps, some of which are preanalytic, ie, before perfor...

A. " The First Internationalism " or the " First Dark Age " ? Half a century ago, Chicago Egyptologist Helene Kantor (1952) assembled some surprising observations on items traded into Egypt just as the first pharaohs were uniting the Nile Valley and the Delta into a single state at the end of the fourth millennium BC. Not only were some items, such as the cylinder seals being used by government...

The elderly individual is becoming the most common patient in clinical practice due to increasing average life span, especially developed countries. current patients are different from those of some decades ago. They usually have an active social life, want be informed, and actively involved society with consequent high expectations for medical dental treatment. However, not all like this. Some...

[1] Flat-floored, quasi-circular depressions on the southern residual cap of Mars have been observed to expand rapidly. Analysis of the size distribution combined with modeling of the growth process yields information about the ages of these features. We report on properties of a population of these features within a selected study area. We find a narrow size distribution that indicates a commo...