access to primary sources is necessary for studying the history of islamic civilization and sciences. many of these sources have gone missing over time and no manuscript of them has remained. in some cases, we can reconstruct these works by pursuing the old excerpts of them more recent works. this study aims at methodological reconstruction of the kitab al-mazar by sa‘d bin ‘abdullah al-ash‘ari...

fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, theologian and philosopher of the 12th centuriy (1148-1209), has a huge literary production in many scholary disciplines of his time. nothwithstanding some original ideas which are mostly found in his theological and philosophical writings, most of his other works are compilations based on other sources. some of these sources still exist, while most of the others seem to h...

motif is a literary device that is usually used to enrich a text. it has not only to do with any recurring element within a literary work but with the creation of certain effects on the reader. the contemporary iraqi poet, yahya samavi, has used motif not only as a decorative device but as a means to convey ideas dominant in his poetry. one of these dominant motives which reflect his life and m...

karaji has introduced and explained the leveling instruments which were used at that time, in his book inb?t? al-miah al-khafiyyat (exploration for hidden water). added to the four studied leveling instruments, karaji introduces two more; “scaled vertical level” and “scaled telescopic level” which he mentions as his own inventions. in this paper after presenting these first four, the two levels...

abd al - salam al-’ujayli is a syrian physician, literary man and novelist. by his specific style and personal method in expression and description, al-’ujayli is a link between leading authors of thirty and forty decades of twenty century on one hand, and innovators of fifty and sixty decades on the other hand. his literary works are a combination of abilities of these two generations. his sty...