The phase behavior of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine in aqueous solutions of urea, N,N'-dimethylurea (DMU), and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylurea (TMU) has been characterized by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. All three solutes stabilize the lamellar liquid-crystalline phase at the expense of lamellar-gel phase and inverted hexagonal phase of the phospholipid when...

In this paper we first (trivially) show that data envelopment analysis can be viewed as maximising the sum of the efficiencies of the decision-making units (DMU's) in the organisation. Building upon this we present nonlinear models for: (a) allocating fixed costs to DMU's and (b) allocating resources to DMU's. Simultaneous to allocating resources output targets are also decided for each DMU. Nu...

Data envelopment analysis (DEA), as originally proposed, is a methodology for evaluating the relative efficiencies of a set of homogeneous decision-making units (DMUs) in the sense that each uses the same input and output measures (in varying amounts from one DMU to another). In some situations, however, the assumption of homogeneity among DMUs may not apply. As an example, consider the case wh...

In the current collaborative and extended-enterprise environment, product definition must be exchanged between original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and other partners who contribute to the evolution of product definition. In many cases, an information package, which is associated with other objects in the DMU, must thus be extracted from the OEM’s Digital Mock -up (DMU) and be sent to partner...

Tailor-made additives can prove an effective method to prolong the lifetime of metastable forms of pharmaceutical compounds by surface stabilization. Pyrazinamide (PZA) is a pharmaceutical compound with four polymorphic forms. The high temperature γ form, which can be produced by spray drying or sublimation growth, is metastable at room temperature and transforms within days when produced by sp...