Diversity is an important source of robustness in biological systems. Computers, by contrast, are notable for their lack of diversity. Although homogeneous systems have many advantages, the beneficial effects of diversity in computing systems have been overlooked, specifically in the area of computer security. Several methods of achieving software diversity are discussed based on randomizations...

Software fault tolerance schemes often employ multiple software versions developed to meet the same specification. If the versions fail independently of each other, they can be combined to give high levels of reliability. While design diversity is a means to develop these versions, it has been questioned because it increases development costs and because reliability gains are limited by common-...

Meiofaunal assemblages in undisturbed box-core samples of sublittoral sediment were subjected to 4 dose levels of pollutants (copper and hydrocarbons) in a mesocosm experiment designed for the GEEP Workshop. Multivariate analyses of species abundance data for nematodes and copepods showed only marqnal differences in species composition between treatments at the end of the experiment, principall...

Plecoptera, or stoneflies, is a small order of hemimetabolous insects: according to our data, more than 3,497 species have been described so far in the world. The total number of species has enormously increased in the last 30 years (2,000 species estimated in 1976) and, if the trend continues, then it will nearly double in the near future. The order is divided into the suborders Arctoperlaria ...

Type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) is associated with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. In this study, three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the capsid protein (Cap) of PCV2, eight mAbs to Cap of type 1 porcine circovirus (PCV1) and five mAbs specific for Cap of both PCV1 and PCV2, were generated and used to finely map the antigenic sites of PCV1 and PCV2, and to identify ...

Small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) infections are widespread in Poland and circulation of subtypes A1, A12, A13, B1 and B2 was detected. The present work aimed at extending previous study based on the analysis of a larger number of animals from single-species flocks. Animals were selected for genetic analysis based on serological reactivity towards a range of recombinant antigens derived from Gag...

This chapter presents a cultural perspective for thinking about, and acting on, issues concerning gender and computer science and related fi elds. We posit and demonstrate that the notion of a gender divide in how men and women relate to computing, traditionally attributed to gender differences, is largely a result of cultural and environmental conditions. Indeed, the reasons for women entering...

Outbreaks of human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) in Asia are related to high illness and death rates among children. To gain insight into the potential threat for the population of Europe, we determined the neutralizing activity in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) batches and individual serum samples from donors in the Netherlands against EV-71 strains isolated in Europe and in Asia. All IVIg batches...

This book by Jennifer Lee and Frank Bean, sociologists at the University of California (Irvine), examines the role of three processes—the “new” (post-1965) immigration, intermarriage trends, and multiracial identity—in increasing racial and ethnic diversity in the U.S. and how these may be contributing to a redrawing of the historical black/white colour line in that country. The subject of how ...

Previous studies have demonstrated that the statistical properties of adult generated free associates can predict the order of early word learning in children. In this paper, we investigate the cause of this phenomenon. We propose that early word learning may be driven by the contextual diversity of words in child directed speech, which is in turn correlated with an underlying associative struc...