BACKGROUND Diabetes model projects in different regions of Germany including interventions such as quality circles, patient education and documentation of medical findings have shown improvements of HbA1c levels, blood pressure and occurrence of hypoglycaemia in before-after studies (without control group). In 2002 the German Ministry of Health defined legal regulations for the introduction of ...

We present a methodology allowing to introduce manufacturers and retailers vertical contracting in their pricing strategies on a differentiated product market. We consider in particular two types of non linear pricing relationships, one where resale price maintenance is used with two part tariffs contracts and one where no resale price maintenance is allowed in two part tariffs contracts. Our c...

This study analyzed consumers' preferences and price sensitivity to native chickens. A survey was conducted from Jan 6 to 17, 2014, and data were collected from consumers (n=500) living in Korea. Statistical analyses evaluated the consumption patterns of native chickens, preference marketing for native chicken breeds which will be newly developed, and price sensitivity measurement (PSM). Of the...

Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) including solar photovoltaics (PV), electric storage and electric vehicles, demand response, combined heat and power, wind, fuel cells, and micro-turbines are typically installed on the low or medium voltage distribution network. Changes on the distribution network can have rippling effects throughout the rest of the power system. In this paper, we have calcu...

Abstract: When a firm must choose price and output before observing demand and therefore risks unsold output, the standard mark-up rule applies with the elasticity being the elasticity of the average quantity sold with respect to price and marginal cost being the marginal cost of an expected unit sold, computed as the marginal cost of a unit produced divided by the expected fraction of the marg...

The tachykinin substance P (SP) acts on the gut muscle coat via its preferred receptor, neurokinin 1 (NK1r). In the mouse ileum, NK1r-immunoreactivity (NK1r-IR) was detected in neurons, in the interstitial cells of Cajal at the deep muscular plexus (ICC-DMP) and the myoid cells of the villi. SP-IR was detected in neurons and varicose nerve fibers, which were especially numerous at the DMP and c...

This paper proposes a theory of price rigidity consistent with survey evidence that firms stabilize prices out of fairness to their consumers. The theory relies on two psychological assumptions. First, customers care about the fairness of prices: fixing the price of a good, consumers enjoy it more at a low markup than at a high markup. Second, customers underinfer marginal costs from prices: wh...

BACKGROUND In the Netherlands, disease management programs (DMPs) are used to treat chronic diseases. Their aim is to improve care and to control the rising expenditures related to chronic diseases. A bundled payment was introduced to facilitate the implementation of DMPs. This payment is an all-inclusive price per patient per year for a pre-specified care package. However, it is unclear to whi...

modeling dependence structure in financial economics is of paramount importance when estimating portfolio’s value at risk, since risk of an asset in addition to its own behavior is also dependent on the behavior of other assets in the portfolio. application of joint distribution copula is one of the methods for incorporation dependence at lower and upper tail of returns’ distribution in financi...