In this paper we review the notion of direct and indirect causal effect as introduced by Pearl (2001). We show how it can be formulated without counterfactuals, using regime indicators instead. This allows to consider the natural (in)direct effect as a special case of sequential treatments discussed by Dawid & Didelez (2005) which immediately yields conditions for identifiability as well as a g...

When developing numerical methods, or applying them to the simulation and design of cnginccring components, it inevi(ab]y bccomcs necessary to examine the scaling of tlic rndhod with a problcm’s electrical size. The scaling results from the original mathematical development-for example, a dense system of equations in the solution of integral equations-as well as the specific numerical implement...

The aim with this paper is to design a high efficient sequential ATPG on single stack-at fault model. A new approach for sequential circuit test generation is proposed in this paper. With combining the advantage of logic simulation based ATPG and fault simulation based ATPG, higher fault coverage and shorter test sequential length are achieved for benchmark circuit instead of pure logic or faul...

This paper presents NetStep, a prototype for the distributed simulation of very large scale network simulations, such as the simulation of peer-to-peer applications. We use simulation micro-steps as a means for optimizing the overlap of communications and computations, without changing the original event-driven model. As a consequence, NetStep allows for the reuse of unmodified existing sequent...

The soil samples were collected from 170 sampling stations in an arid area in Shahrood and Damghan, characterized by prevalence of mining activity. The levels of Co, Pb, Ni, Cs, Cu, Mn, Sr, V, Zn, Cr, and Tl were recorded in each sampling location. A new method known as min/max autocorrelation factor (MAF) was applied for the first time in the environmental research works to de-correlate these ...

We address the recursive computation of the a posteriori filtering pdf p n|n in a Hidden Markov Chain (HMC). Classically pn|n is computed via the recursion p n−1|n−1 → pn|n−1 → pn|n. In this paper we explore direct, prediction-based (P-based) and smoothing-based (S-based) alternative loops for propagating p n|n. We next address sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) implementations of these filtering pat...