OBJECTIVES To assess the costs of the health effects of cigarette smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure to society. DESIGN Prevalence-based, disease-specific cost-of-illness study. We used an epidemiological population-attributable risk method to determine the costs that can be attributed to smoking and SHS exposure. SETTING Taiwan. PARTICIPANTS All adult population aged 35 and olde...

Background: Jaw bone quality plays an essential role in treatment planning and prognosis of dental implants. Regarding several available methods for bone density measurements, they are not routinely used before implant surgery due to hard accessibility.Objective: An in vitro investigation of correlation between average gray scale in direct digital radiographs and Hounsfield units in CT-Scan pro...

In this paper, an innovative method to create embedded microchannels is presented. The presented technology is based on a direct-write technique using a scanning laser system to pattern a single layered SU-8. The enormous flexibility of the scanning laser system can be seen in two key features: the laser pulsing can be controlled spot-by-spot with variable exposure doses, and the laser intensit...

in this paper, we solve the quadratic $alpha$-functional equations $2f(x) + 2f(y) = f(x + y) + alpha^{-2}f(alpha(x-y)); (0.1)$ where $alpha$ is a fixed non-archimedean number with $alpha^{-2}neq 3$. using the fixed point method and the direct method, we prove the hyers-ulam stability of the quadratic $alpha$-functional equation (0.1) in non-archimedean banach spaces.

widespread use of nanosilver can be led the contamination of aquatic environment and impact on living organisms such as fishes. we investigated histopathological changes in the gills tissue of caspian roach fingerlings after two weeks exposure to sublethal concentrations of nanosilver. following one and two weeks exposure, necrosis, shortening of secondary lamellae, edema, destruction of epithe...