According to the authors, time-modified confounding occurs when the causal relation between a time-fixed or time-varying confounder and the treatment or outcome changes over time. A key difference between previously described time-varying confounding and the proposed time-modified confounding is that, in the former, the values of the confounding variable change over time while, in the latter, t...

It is assumed in the standard DEA model that the aggregate output (input) is a pure linear function of each output (input). This means, for example, that if DMU j1 generates twice as much of an output as does another DMU j2, then the former is credited with having created twice as much value. In many situations, however, linear pricing ðlryrjÞ may not adequately reflect differences in value cre...

Relative to other team games, the contribution of individual team members to the overall team performance is more easily quantifiable in cricket. Viewing players as securities and the team as a portfolio, cricket thus lends itself better to the use of analytical methods usually employed in the analysis of securities and portfolios. This paper demonstrates the use of stochastic dominance rules, ...

D. Marinazzo, M. Pellicoro, Guo-Rong Wu, 3 L. Angelini, and S. Stramaglia Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Department of Data Analysis, Ghent University, Henri Dunantlaan 1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Dipartimento di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Bari and INFN, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and...

Failure of healthcare workers to perform hand hygiene is one of the leading preventable causes of healthcare-associated infections. Despite targeted interventions to improve hand-hygiene compliance, rates remain relatively low (averaging less than 50%) in many healthcare settings. Since it is much harder to raise compliance rates when rates are already high, achieving 100% compliance may ultima...

We evaluate the consistency of different constructs affecting risk attitude in individuals’ experiential decisions across different levels of risk. Three major views concerning the psychological constructs that underlie risk attitude are contrasted. The first is the classical economic approach which views risk as the sensitivity to differences in variance. The second is the latent components ap...

Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky’s (1979) prospect theory, and the literature building from it, provide theories of risk attitudes based on a few regularities. Most importantly, evaluation of an outcome is influenced by how it compares to a reference point, with people exhibiting both a significantly greater aversion to losses than appreciation of gains, and a diminishing sensitivity to changes...