The Voting Rights Act of 1965 forever changed the face of electoral equality in the United States. Today, almost forty years later, the Act is considered one of the most pivotal pieces of federal legislation in our country’s history and the “most successful piece of civil rights legislation ever enacted.” Congress has revisited various segments of the Act ave times since its enactment. A key 19...

For two decades, clinicians have been guided by an agreement about the appropriate use of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH). In general, ANH has been seen as a medical treatment that patients or their surrogates may accept or refuse on the basis of the same considerations that guide all other treatment decisions: the potential benefits, risks, and discomfort of the treatment and the reli...

decentralization allows channel members to make their decisions, independently. in this decentralized channels, members may have different power to make its decisions. hence, decisions of each member may influence on the other members’ decisions. to model such situations, bi-level programming models are useful. in this study, a supply chain including one manufacturer and multiple competitive re...

Analyses of reproductive conflicts of interests have yielded important evolutionary insights in many areas of biology. The usefulness of conflict analyses of traits that have been traditionally interpreted as resulting from female choice is controversial, however. This article explores a possible explanation for why conflicts of interest may be ameliorated in female choice situations. In contra...

conclusions managers and service providers need to know an ordinary woman’s perception of risk to address the gap between current and desired childbirth services and encourage women to use current hospital services. objectives this study explains how baloch women make decisions regarding the risks associated with childbirth at home versus a hospital. this study identifies and defines the factor...

This paper analyzes and compares the incentive properties of some common payment mechanisms for GPs, namely fee for service (FFS), capitation and fundholding. It focuses on gatekeeping GPs and it specifically recognizes GPs heterogeneity in both ability and altruism. It also allows inappropriate care by GPs to lead to more serious illnesses. The results are as follows. Capitation is the payment...

Many of the most fundamental decision about a product are taken during the system architecture design process. However how system architecture is designed in practice is not well understood. This paper draws on several research studies related to system architecture design to develop a categorization of system architecture design processes to support the adaptation design methodologies and tool...