a 39-year-old iranian female patient who was a known case of primary cervical dystonia since 10 years ago presented to a private office for dysport injection. the patients experienced severe dysphagia after inferior alveolar nerve block which was preceded by cervical botolinum toxin injection. a possible synergistic effect of botolinum toxin and lidocaine to produce severe dysphagia is presente...

DEGLUTITION is a reflex coordination readily accessible and conveniently exact, yet far surpassing the integrative qualities of simpler reflex action. In a manner yet unknown, motoneurons scattered from C3 to the mesencephalon are reproducibly controlled in an intricate pattern of excitation and inhibition specific to this synergy. This paper presents an electromyographic definition of this per...

Maxillectomy defects can result in oroantral communication that may lead to difficulty in swallowing, deglutition, impaired speech, and not to mention the resultant facial disfigurement. The prosthodontist in addition to the surgeon of course, plays a significant role in restoration and rehabilitation of such defects, as good functional results have been reported for patients provided with obtu...