The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between economic sanctions and regional differences within Russia from three perspectives: favoritism political elite, industry development, trade costs. Using nighttime lights in Russia, we found a correlation differences. First, as increased, Moscow, St. Petersburg, provincial capitals were brighter than those rest country. Second, m...

In this paper, we discuss the issue of responsibilities related to the fulfillment and the violation of obligations. We propose to formally define the different aspects of responsibility, namely causal responsibility, functional responsibility, liability as well as sanctions, and to examine how delegation influences these concepts. Our main aim is to identify the responsibility of each agent th...

using economic sanctions as an instrument to prevent proliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy is expanding today.to understand the role of nonproliferation of weapon of mass destruction in foreign policy of great powers and in imposing sanctions by security council particularly us and eu, bases of various literature structures especially study on international relations the...

"It is not a wise choice!", this was the reaction of my father when I applied for nuclear medicine residency program 26 years ago. The old retired officer continued that hi-tech nuclear medicine is dependent on multiple advanced sections that may not be easily available especially in the developing countries. Now he is not alive to see that political misconducts have added fuel to the fire. Glo...

this book deals with the evolution of the sanctions policy of the security council arisen as a solution to the problem of disastrous effects of the comprehensive economic sanctions on the civilian populations of the target states. the study shows that the key for resolving the conflict arisen between the purposes of the charter: maintenance of the peace and promoting respect for human rights, l...

In this paper we study the distribution of obligations together with their associated sanctions among agents belonging to collective entities like groups and organizations. We model the distribution as a negotiation process among the agents, we model the behavior of the agents in a qualitative game theory, and we formalize them in a logical framework. We characterize collective obligations acco...

This essay reviews the literature and origins of the targeted sanctions framework. The development of smart sanctions has solved many of the political problems that prior efforts at comprehensive trade sanctions had created. In so doing, the idea of smart sanctions served as a useful focal point for policy coordination among key stakeholders. Nevertheless, there is no systematic evidence that s...

Over the years, Soviet and post-Soviet Russian legal practice has responded to foreign international economic sanctions reactively. As a rule, Russia not initiated as an assertive measure against other countries, will apply authorized by organization of which it is member for voted, retaliates almost reflexively imposed others specifically Russia, seemingly with little regard self-imposed conse...