This paper addresses whether the initial declines in the manufacturing and real wages in transition economies were anything unexpected to justify policy reversal, and whether the “often-recommended” foreign aid would have helped them curb these declines in any significant way. It answers these questions with the help of a two-sector three-factor small open economy model and simulation exercises...

Since 2007 a large decline in Arctic sea ice has been observed. The large-scale atmospheric circulation response to this decline is investigated in ERA-Interim reanalyses and HadGEM3 climate model experiments. In winter, post-2007 observed circulation anomalies over the Arctic, North Atlantic and Eurasia are small compared to interannual variability. In summer, the post-2007 observed circulatio...

The early X-ray afterglow for a significant number of gamma-ray bursts detected by the Swift satellite is observed to have a phase of very slow flux decline with time (Fν ∝ t−α with 0.2 . α . 0.8) for 102.5 s . t . 104 s, while the subsequent decline is the usual 1 . α3 . 1.5 behavior, that was seen in the pre-Swift era. We show that this behavior is a natural consequence of a small spread in t...

in this study, 180 apiaries have been studied related to an apiary located in the village called era in mazandaran due to the loss and production decline. this village is located in telmadarre countryside of sari-based chahardange district that is considered as an appropriate location for breeding honey bee because of favorable climatic conditions, diverse vegetation and natural springs. by the...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study was done to determine if reported declines in stroke mortality in the era before antihypertensive therapy are artifactual. METHODS This study involved analyses of national and state vital statistics data using adjusted and specific rates. RESULTS Adoption of the third revision of the International List of Causes of Death in 1921 produced an abrupt 6.6% decr...

OBJECTIVES Coeliac disease has emerged as an increasingly recognised public health problem over the last half-century, and is now coming to be seen as a global phenomenon, despite a profound lack of globally representative epidemiological data. Since children with coeliac disease commonly present with chronic diarrhoea and malnutrition, diagnosis is often overlooked, particularly in poorer sett...

BACKGROUND Testosterone (T) deficiency remains a poorly understood issue in men with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). We investigated the gonadal status in HIV-infected men in order to characterize T deficiency and to identify predictive factors for low serum T. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We performed a cross-sectional, observational study on 1325 consecutive HIV male outpatients, most...

Infectious diseases still remain the main cause of human premature deaths; especially in developing countries. The emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria resistant to many antibiotics (multidrug-resistant strains) have created the need for the development of novel therapeutic agents. Only two new classes of antibiotics of novel mechanisms of action (linezolid and daptomycin) have been intr...