This article examines the prospects for cost reductions of flat panel photovoltaic (PV) electricity. Current PV production cost ranges are presented, in terms of cost per peak W and cost per kWh, for single crystalline and multi-crystalline silicon, as well as for thin-film technologies. Possible decreases of these costs are assessed, as expected based on learning curves. The cumulative product...

this study presents a detailed analysis of cost management for intensive cultivation activity in terms of tomato production. the main objective was to provide qualitative and quantitative costs obtained in the intensive cultivation of tomato. this methodology was structured by activity costs (soil preparation and planting, crop monitoring, harvesting, selling, etc.) through a study in greenhous...

Abstract Future sea level rise (SLR) and associated increases in the frequency intensity of coastal flooding poses significant threats to communities transit systems. Yet current literature practice lack methods for estimating flood damage costs Here, we construct an event-specific cost estimation framework systems, simulating separately ingress into underground spaces. We apply this MBTA rail ...

the present study aimed at investigating and estimating the amount of damage caused by waste water pollution of water desalinators in the south pars special zone. the main reasons for conducting this study were to investigate the creation of environmental pollutants as a result of the development and expansion of different industries in the south pars zone, as well as the ecological sensitivity...

Abstract In addition to effects from greenhouse gases, climate change is affected by short-lived forcers (SLCF). These are often co-emitted with carbon dioxide, and some regulated air pollutants. the governance of these pollutants, established estimates damage costs pollution inform benefit–cost analyses. However, impact SLCFs omitted estimates. The purpose this study calculate economic polluta...

BACKGROUND Inadvertent damage to leads for transvenous pacemakers, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillators is an important complication associated with generator-replacement procedures. We sought to estimate the incidence and costs associated with transvenous lead damage following cardiac implantable electronic device replacement. METHODS ...

the air in tehran is one of the most polluted airs in the entire world. because of the air pollution in the great tehran area, morbidity, mortality and symptoms emerge. this study has been conducted for the first time in iran. according to this study the total annual direct medical costs of morbidity estimated at us$ 3258255.48.our work also led to the estimation of an income elasticity of wtp ...

Intrusion detection systems need to maximize security while minimizing costs. In this paper, we study the problem of building cost-sensitive intrusion detection models. We examine the major cost factors: development costs, operational costs, damage costs incurred due to intrusions, and the costs involved in responding to intrusions. We propose cost-sensitive machine learning techniques to produ...