Phonetics attempts to describe and understand how speech is produced and perceived; phonology attempts to understand the patterning—in general, the behavior—of speech sounds in particular languages and in all languages. Is phonetics part of phonology? This straightforward question has received various answers at different points in the history of linguistics. In this paper I attempt to document...

Abstract The debates on Kulliyyāt I .1.ii of Ibn Sīnā’s Qānūn (“on the subjects medicine”) were initiated by Faḫr al-Dīn al-Rāzī and continued Afḍal al-Ḫūnaǧī, Naǧm al-Naḫǧawānī, Yaʿqūb ibn Ġanāʾim al-Sāmirī, Rafīʿ al-Ǧīlī, al-Nafīs, al-Quff al-Masīḥī. In his own commentary, entitled al-Tuḥfa al-saʿdiyya , Quṭb al-Šīrāzī preserved scrutinized predecessors’ commentaries, in order to offer what h...

Abstract Šihāb al-Dīn al-Suhrawardī’s philosophical works seem to contain two conflicting views on providence: in the Talwīḥāt and Mašāriʿ , he endorses Avicennian view, only deny providence altogether Ḥikmat al-išrāq . This contribution aims explain seeming inconsistency by investigating it light of underlying question God’s knowledge particular things. I will also argue that despite his qualm...

This research aims to explain the philosophy of tasawuf Hamzah Fansri in Nusantara Islam. The textual method was employed interpret contents manuscripts falsafi Aceh, especially regarding falsafi, which Fansūrī developed. study findings confirm that Hamza Fansūrī's philosophical thought is "symbolic-comtemplative" and attempts locate exploration symbols are highlighted as essence substance teac...