When the government gives a grant to a private charitable organization, do the donors to that organization give less? If they do, is it because the grants crowd out donors who feel they gave through taxes (classic crowd out), or is it because the grant crowds out the fund-raising of the charities who, after getting the grant, reduce efforts of fund-raising (fund-raising crowd out)? This is the ...

This paper analyses optimal contracts in a principal-agent model where the agent is intrinsically motivated at the outset and there is an endogenous relationship between the structure of incentive payments and intrinsic motivation (crowding effects). The analysis shows that crowding effects have implications for the optimal contract and that under some conditions the principal can do better wit...

The study aims to examine the asymmetric effect of public debt on private Investment in India. For examining India, this used NARDL approach. annual time series data for period 1980 2019. Results from symmetric co-integration model demonstrate that there is a long-term relationship between investment and measures debt, with exception external investment, which exhibit an reaction changes debt. ...

This paper analyzes the effects of public R&D subsidies on innovation expenditure in German manufacturing. The key question is whether public R&D stimulates or simply crowds out private investment. Cross sectional data at the firm level are used to estimate the effect of subsidization. By adopting parametric and semiparametric selection models it turns out that public funding increases firms’ R...

DNA compaction in a bacterial cell is in part carried out by entropic (depletion) forces induced by "free" proteins or crowding particles in the cytoplasm. Indeed, recent in vitro experiments highlight these effects by showing that they alone can condense the E. coli chromosome to its in vivo size. Using molecular dynamics simulations and a theoretical approach, we study how a flexible chain mo...