Background: The role of refereeing and peer-reading in the ethics of research and publishing is very privileged and vital, and changes have occurred in this important part of scientific communication over the years. Despite the diversity in scientific judgments and the criticisms and challenges that have been brought to its implementation and nature, it is still accepted as a social norm in the...

This article reviews two standard criticisms of creationism/intelligent design (ID)): it is unfalsifiable, and it is refuted by the many imperfect adaptations found in nature. Problems with both criticisms are discussed. A conception of testability is described that avoids the defects in Karl Popper's falsifiability criterion. Although ID comes in multiple forms, which call for different critic...

The precautionary principle that calls for early measures to avoid and mitigate uncertain environmental damages (and health hazards) in the future has come to the fore in risk debates. This paper evaluates three criticisms which have been presented in academic discourses, in political arenas, and also in public discussions in order to reject the principle altogether. In particular, the criticis...

The aim of this text is to reply criticisms the logics evidence and truth epistemic approach paraconsistency advanced by Barrio [2018], Lo Guercio Szmuc [2018]. We also clarify notion that underlies intended interpretation these a central point Barrio’s & Szmuc’s criticisms.