Despite its merits the Turing test does not analyse intelligence in a practical way. The "intelligence" of psychologists is l itt le better but consideration of psychological and neurological ideal experiments suggests that intelligence is judged on the basis of the decision-making in the chain ' input-decideoutput'. We cannot separate any specific behaviour syndrome as 'intelligence'-display. ...

Drawing from sociocultural perspectives, this paper argues for the necessity of distinguishing the activity of “brainstorming ideas” from the activity of “generating words/phrases” in collaborative L2 process writing. We designed a series of Chinese writing lessons based on the online collaborative learning software GroupScribbles (GS) to explore students’ participation and performance with “id...

(196 words) The technological advances carried out these last years in the field of products development led the researchers to elaborate the approaches that reduce the cost and time of product development, enhance the quality of product and help the designers to be more creative. These objectives are difficult to obtain due to a large number of phases, which should be carried out during the pr...

Currently it is generally accepted that existing theories and approaches to psychotherapy, developed in Western cultures, are not applicable to other cultures. A model is proposed that, while based on certain theoretical and research foundations in Western culture, also recognizes and derives from universal drives, motivations and goals of all human beings, indeed of all living organisms. It is...

The judicial production of law and the legislative production of law make a striking distinction between the two legal traditions. Despite of these differences, judges in both legal traditions in adjudicating cases have a common task, which is the application of legal rules to the facts of cases pending for judgments. The tension between the certainty and the “discretion” is universal for any l...