fasting during the month of ramadan is one of the five pillars of islam. during this holy month, healthy muslims abstain from eating, drinking, and smoking from dawn to dusk. although fasting is obligatory for every adult muslim, if it has hazardous effects on the body, it is prohibited. due to some islamic principles, patients are exempted from fasting; however, due to the willingness of some ...

chronic kidney disease (ckd) is probably the most important problem of public health in advanced countries. kidneys are often damaged as a result of high blood pressure. one of our main concerns in patients with hypertension is early detection of kidney disorders. the routine biomarkers such as creatinine have some limitation for this purpose, however recent studies suggest plasma ngal to be a ...

background: hemodialysis is a process of removing waste and excess fluid from blood when kidneys cannot function efficiently. it often involves diverting blood to the filter of the dialysis machin to be cleared of toxic substances. fouling of pores in dialysis membrane caused by adhesion of plasma protein and other toxins will reduce the efficacy of the filtre. objective: in this study, the inf...