There is good evidence supporting the efficacy of standard doses of aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac, all of which are available as over-the-counter (OTC) medicines in some part of the world. There is no good evidence for most branded combination products, though it is likely that additional analgesic effect is produced by codeine. Combinations of ibuprofen and paraceta...

Insect derivatives represent an important innovation in specialty crop risk management. An active over-the-counter market in insect derivatives will require a transparent pricing method. This paper develops an econometric model of the spatio-temporal process underlying a particular insect population and develops a pricing model based on this process. We show that insect derivatives can play an ...

Background: Emergency contraceptive methods help in preventing pregnancy following 72–120 h of unprotected sexual intercourse. Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) are available over the counter (OTC) in India since 2005. In India, studies on emergency contraceptives have been mainly carried out on females. Both male and female partner owe responsibility for pregnancy. Hence, we carried out this...

What are the linkages between the maturity of corporate debt, the liquidity of financial markets and the real economy? Relative to developed countries, firms on emerging economies borrow at shorter maturities and assets are traded in markets with larger frictions. This paper studies how firms choose and finance long-term investment projects in a production economy subject to an over-the-counter...

In the wake of the global financial crisis, member jurisdictions of the G20 have embarked upon an ambitious program of reforms to the structure and operation of financial markets. One key element of the reform program is to improve the management of counterparty risk and reduce interconnectedness in over-the-counter (OTC) derivative markets by encouraging greater use of centralised financial ma...

We provide evidence on the characteristics of local generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) earnings for firms cross-listing on U.S. exchanges relative to a matched sample of foreign firms currently not cross-listing in the United States to investigate whether U.S. listing is associated with differences in accounting data reported in local markets. We find that cross-listed firms differ...

The main contribution of this article is to present hard evidence on hedging strategies and relate it to behavioural and agency problems resulting from speculation with derivatives. We focus on the case of Aracruz Celulose. We show how the real hedge position of Aracruz – that lost US$2.1 billion in currency derivatives – deviated from its optimal hedge as the result of speculation with Over-th...

Vulvovaginal discharge complaints are very common, accounting for more than 10 million U.S. office visits annually and countless phone contacts [1]. Annual medication costs for these complaints are estimated at more than $700 million, with about half this amount spent on overthe-counter (OTC) preparations [2]. The diagnosis of initial vulvovaginal discharge complaints is usually straightforward...

A drug is a chemical used medicinally for treating diseases and injuries. The term "drug," however, often carries with it the connotation of narcotics, addiction, and crime. Many drugs or medicines are entirely legal, readily available, and are sold as over-the-counter medications without the need for a prescription. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs include categories of drugs such as pain reliever...