نتایج جستجو برای: cost and financial
تعداد نتایج: 16889392 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
BACKGROUND Hypertension is poorly controlled. Team-based care and changes in the process of care have been proposed to address these quality problems. However, assessing care processes is difficult because they are often confounded even in randomized behavioral studies by unmeasured confounders based on discretion of health care providers. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of process measures...
Patents in the life sciences industries are a key form of intellectual property (IP), particularly for products such as brand-name drugs and medical devices. However, trade secrets can also be a useful tool for many types of innovations. In appropriate cases, trade secrets can offer long-term protection of IP for a lower financial cost than patenting. This type of protection must be approached ...
The value of any information including financial statements, just like other goods and services, depends on the quality which is determined by the users. Because of the important role of accounting measurements in preparing financial statements, the quality of these measurements have an effective role in determining the quality of financial statements. Therefore, using accounting measurements...
Austerity and fiscal crisis make the search for cost saving reforms in local government more critical. While cost savings from privatization have frequently proven ephemeral, inter-municipal cooperation has been a relatively understudied reform. We analyze the literature on cost savings under cooperation and find savings are dependent on (1) the cost structure of public services, particularly t...
There is good evidence for costs to both the uses of immune defences and their development and maintenance. The optimal defence will be a balance of these costs with the risk of infection and the virulence of the disease. It is therefore clear that the life-history characteristics of both host and parasite will impact the optimal level of defence, and that this may in part explain the variation...
OBJECTIVE To study age and educational level and their relationship with fall-related injuries in Shanghai and to analyze the relevant costs. METHODS Multistage cluster sampling was used for the selection of participants and standardized questionnaires were used for the information collection in 2006. Information on cases and deaths caused by fall-related injuries were obtained from 494 hospi...
The aminosalicylates (5-ASA; also referred to as mesalamine-based agents) are considered as first-line in the maintenance of remission of mild to moderate ulcerative colitis (UC). Traditionally these agents have required a large pill burden and multiple daily dosing regimens which may account for the low adherence rates, especially in patients in remission. Extended-release mesalamine is the fi...
A health economic analysis was performed to assess the economic impact on the national health care budget of using oral nutritional supplements (ONS), being a food for special medical purposes also known as medical nutrition, for the treatment of disease related malnutrition (DRM) in the community in the Netherlands. An economic model was developed to calculate the budget impact of using ONS in...
BACKGROUND A major impediment to the treatment of TB is a diagnostic process that requires multiple visits. Descriptions of patient costs associated with diagnosis use different protocols and are not comparable. METHODS We aimed to describe the direct costs incurred by adults attending TB diagnostic centres in four countries and factors associated with expenditure for diagnosis. Surveys of 22...
A major motivation for managing the utilization of laboratory testing is to reduce the cost of medical care. For this reason it is important to understand the basic principles of cost accounting in the clinical laboratory. The process of laboratory testing includes three distinct components termed the pre-analytic, analytic and post-analytic phases. Utilization management efforts may impact the...
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