Cosmic ray particles with energies in excess of 10 eV have been detected. The sources as well as the physical mechanism(s) responsible for endowing cosmic ray particles with such enormous energies are unknown. This report gives a review of the physics and astrophysics associated with the questions of origin and propagation of these EHE cosmic rays in the Universe. After a brief review of the ob...

Abstract Many experiments have confirmed the spectral hardening at a few hundred GV of cosmic-ray (CR) nucleus spectra, and three general different origins been proposed: primary source acceleration, propagation, superposition kinds sources. The AMS-02 CR spectra He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, B (which includes its dominating parent species) are collected to study necessity employing break in diffusi...

  Deviation angles of secondary electrons and muons in simulated extensive air showers were studied. The angles have wide distribution, whose width depends on energy cuts imposed on shower particles. In this work, variation of deviation angles with the energy of secondary particles, shower energy, primary direction, and core distance was investigated. The results put limitations on application ...

The isotopes of lithium, beryllium, and boron (LiBeB) are known in nature to be produced primarily by CNO spallation and a a fusion from interactions between cosmic rays and interstellar nuclei. While the dominant source of LiBeB isotopes in the present epoch is cosmic-ray interactions, other sources are known to exist, including the production of Li from big bang nucleosynthesis. Precise obser...

Observations of cosmic-ray helium energy spectra provide important constraints on cosmic ray origin and propagation. However, helium intensities measured at Earth are affected by solar modulation, especially below several GeV/nucleon. Observations of helium intensities over a solar cycle are important for understanding how solar modulation affects galactic cosmic ray intensities and for separat...

We give a review of cosmic ray propagation models. It is shown that the development of the theory of cosmic ray origin leads inevitably to the conclusion that cosmic ray propagation in the Galaxy is determined by effective particle scattering, which is described by spatial diffusion. The Galactic Disk is surrounded by an extended halo, in which cosmic rays are confined before escaping into inte...

Short Title: Cosmic-ray electrons and diffuse gamma-ray spectrum 1 Abstract The bulk of the diffuse galactic gamma-ray emission above a few tens of GeV has been conventionally ascribed to the decay of neutral pions produced in cosmic-ray interactions with interstellar matter. Cosmic-ray electrons may, however, make a significant contribution to the gamma-ray spectrum at high energies, and even ...

We show that the luminosity of a star forming galaxy is capped by the production and subsequent expulsion of cosmic rays from its interstellar medium. By defining an Eddington luminosity in cosmic rays, we show that the star formation rate of a given galaxy is limited by its mass content and the cosmic ray mean free path. When the cosmic ray luminosity and pressure reaches a critical value as a...

Confinement of cosmic rays by turbulent magnetic fields and the relation between magnetic and cosmic ray energy densities are investigated. Cosmic rays are assumed to diffuse preferentially along magnetic field lines. The implementation into a nonconservative high-order finite difference code is discussed. By solving an explicitly time-dependent equation for the cosmic ray energy flux, causalit...

We report on Herschel/PACS observations of absorption lines of OH, H2O and H3O in NGC 4418 and Arp 220. Excited lines of OH and H2O with Elower of at least 285 and ∼200 K, respectively, are detected in both sources, indicating radiative pumping and location in the high radiation density environment of the nuclear regions. Abundance ratios OH/H2O of 1−2.5 are estimated in the nuclei of both sour...